A key issue that was faced by the New Testament Church Essay

Examine a key issue that was faced by the New Testament Church (Prostitution). Could these arguments used in the first century be used by the Church of today for this problem? Prostitution is the performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant favours to others in exchange for money, gifts or other payments and in so doing; use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specific sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history, the majority have been women, reflecting both the traditional socio-economic dependence of women and the tendency to exploit female sexuality. Although prostitution has often been characterised as the â€Å"worlds oldest profession,† the concept of women as property, which prevailed in most centuries until the end of the nineteenth century, meant that the profits of the profession most often ended up in the hands of the men who controlled it. Men have traditionally been characterised as procurers and customers, but during the latter half of the twentieth century, they are increasingly being identified as prostitutes themselves, who generally serve male customers and sometimes impersonate women. The Torah (Law) had little to say on the subject of secular prostitution. It prohibited parents from dedicating their children as sacred prostitutes, but there is nothing to tell us whether its authors would have objected equally to the ideas of a master making his slave-woman a secular prostitute or even a father doing so with his daughter. There are two references to secular prostitution in the Old Testament, which offer any details as to how it was regarded. In both cases, an unmarried women is understood to have chosen this course of action on her own and thereby brought disgrace on her father. In one passage, a priests daughter â€Å"who plays the harlot† is condemned to be burned for having â€Å"profaned† her father (Leviticus 21:9). One may think that she is part of her father’s household, either as not yet married or as a divorced or widowed woman. Her activity threatens the state of purity vital to the household, since its food comes largely from the altar of the temple. In Deuteronomy (22:13-21) a man charges that his wife was not found to be a virgin on her wedding night. If this were true, she would be stoned for having â€Å"played the harlot in her father’s house.† In other words, she has engaged in sexual intercourse when she ought to have been guarding her virginity carefully in order to be a suitable bride. In the process, she has exposed her father to shame of having misrepresented her state in negotiating her marriage. It is not clear from the passage that she actually receives payment for her services; the point seems to be, rather, that she has deprived her father and her prospective husband of their rights in her. What was wrong with prostitution, from the perspective of ancient Israel, was not so much the giving or receiving of payment for sexual intercourse as it was the removal of sexual intercourse from the framework of property and hierarchy which normally contained it and ensured that it was placed at the service of the family. Such an interpretation is made explicit in a more extensive critique of prostitution found in Proverbs. After warning the reader against the wiles of the loose woman, the author contrasts the positive ideal of possessing a wife with a negative prospect of wasting one’s resources on a courtesan (Proverbs 5:15-23). Having said that, one cannot treat wisdom literature as if it were the same genre as legislation. It is clear that Proverbs agrees with the Torah in understanding prostitution, as violation to Gods will, not merely as something to be avoided for prudential reasons. Still, the justification offered for the prohibition is intrusive as to the ethical framework in which the prohibition itself belonged. Prostitution was wrong because it stood outside the normal patriarchal system in which the male head of the household owned one or more women as sexual partners. As such, it threatened the interests of the family. The man might feel that he had received full value for his expense, but the family gained nothing at all from his patronising of the prostitute. His action, therefore was a betrayal of his responsibilities, since he existed not to gratify his own desires but to maintain and enhance the fortunes of his â€Å"father’s house.† What the Torah and Proverbs agree upon then is the condemnation of those who place personal gratification ahead of family duty. The Torah condemns the unmarried woman who prefers sexual pleasure above her obligations as a good daughter of the household who must preserve her marriageability, which is, indeed the family’s investment in her. Proverbs condemns the man who spends family resources on private pleasure. He should marry a woman and be content with the sexual pleasure he receives from her. Proverbs was concerned to make the prostitute sound as unscrupulous and unattractive as possible. The Torah was speaking to the woman who was trying to behave as an unattached individual in pursuit of pleasure while still remaining under the protection of her father. According to the Torah, prostitution, though a slightly less serious crime than adultery, was wrong insofar as it represented the triumph of individual gratification over against the principle of subordination to the fami ly. The matter of prostitution receives very little attention from the Gospel writers, but it appears in a significant pronouncement of Jesus. The tax collectors and the prostitutes, he said, were entering the Kingdom of God ahead of respectable religious leaders (chief priests and elders) because they believed the preaching of John the Baptist (Matt 21:23-32). Since John preached repentance (Matt 3:2) one may suspect that prostitutes ceased to be such when they came to believe the message. It proves difficult, however, to be certain. The tax collectors presumably did not cease to be tax collectors (In Luke 19:1-10, the tax collector Zacchaeus, upon his conversion, gave half of his property to the poor and made amends to those he has defrauded). A prostitute would have found it singularly difficult to emerge from her low place in the community. We know little about them in Jewish times. In the contemporary Gentile world, however, most of them were slaves, who could not legally abandon their status. Even free prostitutes, if poor, would have had only the most limited of options, since they would not have been acceptable as wives. Our own presuppositions, then, may perhaps dictate whether we think of these women as giving up prostitution or not. Luke 7:36-50 sees Jesus anointed by a public sinner. While she is not labelled as a prostitute, it is one conclusion that could be possibly said about her. Jesus accepts her intentions, contrasts them favourably with those of her host, the Pharisee, and finally says, â€Å"Her sins, many as they are, are forgiven because she has loved much† (7:47). This does not tell us what Jesus preferred prostitutes to do, but it does suggest that he did not make grace conditional on prostitutes escaping her place in society. The most significant thing is that Jesus held them up to the religious leadership as a model of repentance for them to follow, thus implying that the respectable are not unlike the prostitutes in respect to sin. Since Jesus held them up as a religious example, we may guess that although he took prostitution to be ethically wrong, he followed the example of Proverbs in appointing blame to the man who visited the prostitute more than to the prostitute herself. Paul has little to say about sexual ethics in his main doctrinal statement, the Epistle to the Romans, except the forceful identification of sexual immorality with humanities alienation from God (Romans 1:24-27). However, in his letters to the other churches he is forced to address the topic because of the behaviour of certain individuals in those churches, particularly at Corinth. The Christians at Corinth produced highly divergent interpretations of what the Gospel demanded in the way of sexual ethics, ranging from libertinism to a complete rejection of both marriage and sexual intercourse. It is probable that the libertine party at Corinth had adopted slogans such as â€Å"All things are permitted† and â€Å"Food is for the belly and the belly for food† (implying that sexual intercourse is as uncomplicated an expression of natural desire as eating is). Paul argues that the body of a Christian belongs to Christ. Therefore, all sexual expression, then, must take Christ’s ownership into account. Sex with a prostitute might seem to establish no relationship at all beyond the brief one required for the sanctification of desire. Paul claims that every sexual act between man and woman established a union of flesh, like that of marriage. In other words, the prostitute and the man, who has used her, actually belong to each other for the duration of their sexual intercourse, though not beyond. In Paul’s own terminology, the relationship thus established is â€Å"one body;† but in the terminology of Genesis, it is a relationship of â€Å"one flesh.† Paul insisted that the man who had intercourse with the prostitute was not unchanged by that act. However, it was destructive of one’s spirit; the relation to Christ and to God: â€Å"Every sin that a person commits is outside the body, but the man who uses harlots is sinning against his own body.† (1 Corinthians 18-20) It is evident that where Proverbs discourages a man from using prostitutes because he belonged to his family, Paul discouraged it because he belonged to God. The body, the person as a whole, is the spirit’s temple, into which other forms of worship must not be introduced. â€Å"One might well ask, then, whether the implication of this line of reasoning is not, finally, to forbid sexual intercourse altogether.†1 From whichever interpretation or opinion one adopts, as a Christian, or more to the point, as human beings, it should be understood that the use of prostitutes or the actual act of prostitution is both morally and ethically wrong. It is a sin against God, in that it undervalues the gift of love, through intercourse, given to us by God, and moreover, it shows a lack of respect for the body and minds of others. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cave, S ‘The Christian Way,’ Nisbet and Company Limited, 1963 Countryman, L.W ‘Dirt, Greed and Sex,’ Fortress Press, 1988 Hays, R.B ‘The Moral Vision of the New Testament,’ Harper Collins Publishers, 1996 Manson, T.W ‘Ethics and the Gospel,’ SCM Press Limited, 1960 1 Countryman, L ‘Dirt, Greed and Sex’ p205

Business: Revenue and Target Gross Margin

Additional facts about this case: 1. CHP is believed to be close to a long-term contract to supply parts to Medit, a giant construction company with excellent government contracts in southern France and nearby Euro countries. 2. Mission’s price for the coupling in questions (PT40) is $1. 26, FOB, Los Angeles. The target gross margin for exports is 30% FOB$1. 26 (location Los Angeles) COGS$ . 88 (Fixed) GTM $0. 38 CIF$1. 3627= $1. 36 FOB (1. 05) (1. 03)= 1. 0815 Pricing FOB $1. 33- $. 88= $. 45 $1. 54- $. 88=$. 66 Target (Gross Margin for exports 30%) 3.Mission has a reputation for high prices in the US, and running the factory below capacity limits will raise costs further. 4. International sales missed forecast for 1Q03 by 7%. 2Q03 forecast is $4. 3 million, but early customer response is not encouraging. International sales are now 20% below target. 5. Key account sales force compensation: 70% salary, 15% bonus on sales quotas, 15% bonus on profitability targets. 6. In 4Q02, Mission’s sales to CHP were $83k – 18% of CHP’s flexible couplings purchases. Questions to answer: 1. Write a short, one-paragraph summary of the facts in this case.Mission Rubber Technology Corp. is a company that creates an industrial product. The traffic has created trouble with CHP. Shipping has costs $11,000 for CHP because Mission Rubber Technology error. Damages occur often. The issues need to be addressed be Mission Rubber Technology and CHP is late on their payments. Late payment causes a lack of losing customers and cash, which can also cause a company to fail. Sales 20012002 $114k$165 Increased 165/114= 1. 44 percent growth The American market has become weak domestically and slowing down which businesses tend to lose assets.Sales and productivity decreases causing the growth of the business to also decrease. One of alternative is to globalization seeking for new business. An unsuccessful Cash flow issues can occur because lack of assets or maybe bec ame they okay with paying late. Price 2. Prior to negotiations, what price will you ask for each unit of PT40? 3. What is the highest price you think you can get for PT40 (explained)? 4. What is the lowest price you would accept for PT40 (explained)? 5. What is the highest price you believe CHP will accept (explained)? There are times when the company receives credit from the company instead of cash refunds.

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot - Essay Example Suffering takes place in the lives beings with feelings in a number of ways, which are more so dramatically. The reason the writers of these poems decided to include the theme of suffering in their works is due to the effect it has on human beings as well as the times at which they wrote their works. The theme of suffering is used to show how; many fields of man’s activities are associated with one or the other aspect of suffering in their own ways. The various facets of suffering explored in the poems include nature of suffering, causes and origin, processes of suffering, significance and meaning of suffering, its related behaviors (cultural, social, personal), the remedies of suffering, management of suffering, as well as its uses. The poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by J.S. Eliot and â€Å"The Weary Blues† by Langston Hughes in symbolic and imagery ways allude to the theme of suffering. Having been written in the early twentieth century they d epict the silent inward suffering of human beings and song or blues is a metaphor in the poems respectively. An in depth analysis of both shows how music is used as a symbol to communicate the remedy for suffering. In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, T.S. ... The cause of his suffering on the inside (silent suffering) is that he has too much knowledge of life to even dare approach the woman with whom he intended to have tea. This monologue accelerates torture in his mind as he hears comments made by others about his inadequacies, which causes him to be hard on himself for, ever thinking that it was possible to interact with the woman emotionally. Prufrock in his contemplation and meditation suffers emotional distress by the conclusions he makes in his mind that he is a second rate citizen which is all a matter of self-condemnation (Ackerley 24). J.S. Eliot employs the form that is a dramatic monologue or a soliloquy in which the speaker’s (J. Alfred Prufrock) character is developed and revealed. His suffering is made worse by the fact that he (Prufrock) is urban thus isolated as well as moody and sensitive thinker. The writer uses fragmentation and juxtaposition in propagating the theme of emotional hurt with mental focus as one of the subjects. He portrays that in this modern world, there are destructive and impersonal forces that need to be overcome which the speaker uses pity as a defense. Pity for Prufrock alleviates the suffering he is experiencing mentally by devaluating himself claiming he is no Hamlet. The theme of suffering silently in this poem portrays the fragile or damaged psychological state of human beings in the twentieth century. J.S. Eliot captures the transformed world, which was seen as denigrated, alienated, and fractured. The soliloquy of Prufrock shows the suffering caused by the Great War to which Europe lost a whole generation of young men. This left the survivors struggling to establish their masculinity in a society that had changed radically. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred

Should Prisoners Lodging Be More Spartan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Prisoners Lodging Be More Spartan - Essay Example The punishment sought to inflict pain in the body of the guilty. The nineteenth century represented a more civilized and humanitarian response to wrongdoing and penology seeks a humanitarian aspect of 'imprisonment' by reduction of rights rather than infliction of pain. Life in prison is more disciplined and tough to transform the idleness and social irresponsibility of the prisoner into more constructive one. (Sundaram 24) whole idea of incarceration is punishment, not comfort. These critics would argue that conditions of the prisoners should be spartan, if not hard. But, the hard treatment should not be inhumanness and degradingness. Environment such as overcrowded prisons, an inadequate low calorie diet, unsanitary conditions that go unrectified, are inhumane. The person who has committed a crime by breaking law is deprived of some liberty in a prison environment. The lodging conditions should not be so constrained that the prisoners are deprived of the kinds of choices that manifest their human standing and self-respect. They should be having freedom to worship, access to the courts and to express their opinions on various matters. (Victor 225) What kinds of comforts may prisoners expect to have Prisoners lodging should have some basic needs such as disease-free beds, a place to write, sanitary toilet and washing facilities, and access to current information about the world outside should have access to medical care. Should they expect color TVs, video players, and movies of their choice, coffeemakers, libraries, and so on Or should prisoners be deprived of cigarettes, access to the entertainment and news media, have their mail censored, and required to perform hard labor. If we make it worse then we aren't really increasing their punishment much, having to be in jail and all the other problems with being in jail is tough enough. If we cut down on the few luxuries that they have then will be harder to control. Page 3 As rightly quoted by Victor Hassine, from JPP1 - "People who believe prisoners are not being punished point with disdain to a color television set and a ghetto blaster in a prison cell to support their arguments. To them, it appears that physical, emotional, and psychological pain that one can see with the naked eye is the only real form of punishment. Likewise, there are parents who punish their children by physical beatings because they believe anything short of physical pain will not be effective. I suggest the same applies to some guards and their daily treatment of prisoners. If a prisoner is not in obvious pain and anguish, if he is not being made to visibly suffer, punishment is not being properly administered. Still, any person who has suffered long term emotional and psychological abuse would be horrified that anyone would be so lacking in insight and understanding that they would point to

Executive Summary on Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Executive Summary on Technology - Research Paper Example As such, the potential of saving business costs and increasing its efficiency while at the same time offering reliable services to the clients cannot be overlooked. The benefits of adopting cloud computing are numerous though there are also some risks that may be incurred. But given the increasing benefits of this technology that a company can utilize, adopting it will be essential. The company will benefit from faster deployment of new business capabilities, lower-risk business innovation, global scale outreach, more intelligent IT spending and easier automation of IT services and information from the relevant sites. Some of the risks to be incurred include outsourcing to an external provider which gives the flexibility but does not eliminate the risks incurred; storage of data outside the company may be of great concern and the probability of vendor lock-in due to the different services provided by each vendor. With such details, the company can make better decisions on how to deve lop the technical ability of the company. Introduction The main aim of this report is to explore the benefits of adopting a different strategy on the technological front. ... Interactions within and without have become easier, faster and more secure with each party expressly meeting their demands with such minimal supervision but with constant communication being core. Thus, speed, cupped with technology adds flexibility and responsiveness to interactions. It also allows for far-reaching collaboration with different applications connecting larger business networks. This allows for the blending of talents and abilities which makes innovation quite an important aspect of the company. Adopting cloud will be important in realizing these goals and the report herein will look at all these important attributes that make up this important technological drive. Therefore, the benefits herein will ensure that the reasons behind such a proposal will be adequately addressed with each point being explored further to ensure all risks and benefits are addressed before a conclusive decision can be made regarding the same. Each decision has to be viewed in relation to the business core policies, goals and objectives with the best decision made in favor these rather than individual interests. What is cloud computing? Globalization has made it important for every company to seek ways of reducing the costs while increasing its flexibility, versatility and innovation to capture more clients. Cloud computing describes the storage of data through internet connections. This creates virtual data storage capacities which are virtually unexplored in many cases due to the huge capacity that they possess. This reduces the manual storage capabilities, making it easier to automate services and archive them with ease. This may be done via a private cloud where services and infrastructure are maintained and managed by a third party or the company;

Sexual Assault Scenario, which ill attach. The question related to the Essay

Sexual Assault Scenario, which ill attach. The question related to the scenario is Using research evidence, identify and discuss - Essay Example The nurse is frequently one of the first contacts to sexual assault victims after the traumatizing incident. Thus, nurses can be conceived to possess a unique position to recognize, treat, and advocate treatment for victims of rape. In some countries, emergency nurses have an opportunity to access training as a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner normally possesses skills such as history taking (regarding medical and assault), physical examination, forensic evidence collection, specimen collection for serology, toxicology, and microbiology, documentation of findings, prophylactic treatment, reporting requirements, referral sources, advocacy services, crisis intervention, emotional support, informed consent and patient rights, discharge instructions and follow up, and court testimony (O'Brien 532). Rape is broadly a legal term and not a medical term, and the role of the nurse is not to determine whether rape has occurred, as this is the duty of the courts. In any alleged rape scenario, the nurse’s responsibilities encompass the following: (1) documentation of relevant history, (2) vigilant physical examination, (3) prompt interventions and treatment of physical injuries sustained in the ordeal, (4) psychological support and arrangements for future follow-up counselling, (5) gathering of legal evidence, (6) prevention of venereal diseases, and (7) prevention of pregnancy, if the patient so desires (Sommers 270). Nurses have an ethical, moral, and legal obligation to report incidences of abuse. Nurses play a fundamental role in screening for abuse by watching out for the red flags of abuse, especially injuries sustained from a sexual assault. The nurse should take proactive steps to aid the patient (Riviello 22). The nurse has a fundamental role to avail a safe environment for the 19-year old lady, treat the injuries sustained in the course of the rape, examine, listen and document the facts. Immediately on arrival to the health care facility, the nurse should usher the victim to a private, serene, comfortable area. The nurse should first and foremost obtain consent from the patient before beginning history, as well during every phase of the physical examination and collection of evidence (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle and Cheever 1620). The most suitable approach when caring for the rape victim encompass establishing a trusting relationship with the victim; treating all pressing injuries (in this case prioritizing genital trauma in order to stop bleeding), and then documenting a concise, factual, account of the case, inclusive of the patient’s narrative that details the time, location, and nature of the conflict/event and the parties involved in the episode. Being alert is essential in availing intervention for a problem that might, in some instances, go undetected. The nurse should always assure the patient of her safety, and should ensure that the patient has company. It is preferable that a rape crisis counsellor or a social worker be present throughout the examination (Riviello 24). In case such persons are unavailable, the patient can be permitted to have a friend or a relative stay with her. If present, life-threatening injuries (in t

Research Methods in Psychology An investigation of selfconscious Essay

Research Methods in Psychology An investigation of selfconscious emotions using qualitative methods - Essay Example For psychological researchers and analysts, more information is needed on the social situations that lead to these emotions, as well as the specific social interactions that can alleviate or heighten the negative emotional experience. The aim of this research project is to gather data from males and females relating to their own experiences with guilt, shame and embarrassment and to interpret the factors involved as well as the differences between men and women. To discover the different social situations and interactions that separate men and women in their experiences of guilt, shame and embarrassment, ten questionnaires containing three questions on the topic were distributed to five men and five women. Each question asked the informant to identify different situations in which he or she has or would experience guilt, shame and embarrassment. The questions left room for large or small descriptions by informants, and the unstructured form of each question ensured that those filling out the questionnaires weren't led in any particular direction in terms of their answers. Answers were therefore expected to be unique to every man and women who filled out the questionnaire. To interpret this data, keywords were extracted from the questionnaires, which had been separated into two sets representing women and men. The two sets of keywords were compiled for each question and compared to one another in terms of repetition and connotation. The keywords could then be sorted into specific categories depending on their relation to social interaction, personal emotional history, family, friends, and other factors. This comparison made it possible to identify themes on the subject of guilt, shame and embarrassment that were unique to men and women, as well as those that were seemingly universal. Results Qualitative research offers an unstructured look into the social interactions of people, something that psychologists can benefit from only if they can pinpoint certain factors and understand clearly what is actually going on. These questionnaires showed a clear trend between the outlook of men and women in regards to the situations that make them feel guilty, ashamed or embarrassed. Where women tend to feel immediate emotional responses in situations that involve their friends and family, they also are more susceptible to emotional response to strangers and acquaintances who appear to sit in judgement of them. Men also exhibit emotional responses when the situation involves family or friends, but many men can experience feelings of embarrassment more often in social situations that involve work acquaintances or other casual peers. One man described an occasion where he would feel embarrassed as "when I screw up on the job and everyone at work knows about it". Men were generally on par with women when it came to feelings of guilt and shame, in that these feelings tended to happen most often when family and close friends were involved. One woman said "I have felt the most ashamed when I have let my family down, either by hurting their feelings or depriving them of something I could have provided". Both men and women experienced guilt, shame and

BRAND COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BRAND COMMUNICATION - Essay Example This piece of research paper is an attempt to provide a brief report on the IMC plan for Tango for the next 12 months. This report analyses the underlying concepts and theoretical perspective of IMC and examines how these can be applied with a plan for Tango, a brand by Britvic Company UK. This report outlines how a company’s brand and information can be effectively communicated to various target markets with example from Tango. According to Schultz and Schultz (2004), integrated marketing communication is a process by which companies accelerate returns by aligning communication objectives with business goals (p. 3). IMC has been regarded as a strategic managerial and marketing approach that can helps companies gain competitive advantages and brand loyalty in the market. Belch and Belch (2007) emphasized that IMC is a strategic business process used to plan, design and develop coordinated and measurable brand communication programs with customers, employees, prospects and associates for a certain period of time. It helps build short term financial benefits and long term brand value (p. 11). As described by Lamb, Hair and McDaniel (2008), integrated marketing communication is a careful coordination of all promotional messages including traditional advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, event marketing, interactive and pubic relation for product or services in order to assure the consistency in every messages at each and every contact that the company meets it customers (p. 413). The fundamental goal of IMC is to develop marketing communication program that helps management to coordinate and integrate all elements of sales promotion, advertising, personal selling, public relation in an effective way as the company can maintain a constant message. IMC is basically seeking to manage sources of brand and image or business contacts with existing as well

Trends in Fashion Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trends in Fashion Management - Essay Example The essay "Trends in Fashion Management" concerns the fashion management and trends. Moreover, analysis of the case study clearly reflects a continuous process of evolution in the journey of Luxottica (2012) as it continued to materialize itself with innovation in its production, focusing on excellence in the manufacturing processes, and at the same time, acquisitions of successful companies that facilitated Luxottica in creating its brand image in the eye wear industry. Since few decades, technology has played an enormous role in influencing business processes all over the globe. Luxottica (2013) has responded to technology in an efficient manner, and its globally integrated distribution system is one of the major indications of its efficiency in terms of utilization of technology. It has been an observation that in the past, business organizations even with quality products were not able to survive in the global market due to their inefficiency in terms of technology; however, Luxo ttica (2013) has successfully transformed this challenge into one of its qualities that distinguish it from its competitors in the market. With implementation of SAP information system, the company has not only been monitoring its manufacturing and sales progress; however, it has also enabled Luxottica in reducing delivery time and improving its service; in other words, resulting in effective supply chain management that has become one of the most important aspects of successful business organizations.

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay 1. What is your monthly budget for consumption of drinks? Ans- Around Rs 300. 2 . Are you satisfied with the drinks available to you in the market? Ans- Yes, although different flavours would be appreciated, along with aerated fruit drinks. 3. Do you find the price range of these drinks to be appropriate? what is yan approximation of an ideal prioce? Ans- Not really. As it exceeds the budget if you generally eat out more than twice a week as is the case with most people. Rs 15 for 200 ml 4. Are you willing to make changes to your existing choice of product? what would u like to see in a drink? Ans- Yes, if a new product with my requirements is available. Less sugar , less preservatives natural, no preservatives colour calories etc 5. What more do you expect from your drink manufacturer that can help you to derive maximum satisfaction? Ans-Healthier drinks are more appreciated as opposed to sugar filled carbonated drinks. Also the pricing can be changed to make it better for consumers to buy on a regular basis. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RETAILERS- MORE MANAGER, SADAKAT PEERZADE. 1. What is your approximate profits from the sale of Soft drinks per month? Ans- turnover Around 1-2 lakhs, about 2-3 % . 2. Are you willing to take up promotional activities for a new range of products in this line? What kind? Ans- yes if the product is up to the standards we require and we get some incentives. 3. What is the feedback received from the consumers regarding the available products? Ans- Customers wanted more healthy options, drinks with less sugar, the most popular being Real fruit juices. 4. Do the existing manufacturer provide you assistance for the marketing of their products? Ans-Yes such as discounts on products and special offers offering extra quantity at the same price. Coupon booklets are also used along with leaflets. 5. Do you suggest any changes in the Marketing/Distribution system which can help to save cost? Ans- Providing more coolers and other storage facilities for stock to ensure better distribution. Also better packaging, quick deliveries so extra stock need not be kept. Free samples.

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotskys Theories on Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotskys Theories on Cognitive Development According to Meece (2002), Piaget and Vygotsky were two prominent scholars of cognitive development theories. Piaget was a biology, psychology and philosophy scholar while Vygotsky first received a degree in law, then a degree in psychology. Even with two very different backgrounds, both scholars took a constructivist approach to their research in cognitive development as they believed, children must construct their own understandings of the world in which they live (p. 121). This idea has been debated and discussed for years. Piaget and Vygotsky were two prominent scholars within the realm of cognitive development. Their theories of cognitive development have been influential in the development of theories of education. In Jean Piagets research, his main goal was to answer the question, How does knowledge grow? (Silverthorn, 1999). He did this through genetic epistemology which is the study of cognitive development in children. According to Meece (2002), there are four major cognitive stages in a childs cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations and formal operations. A childs thought process is different from other developmental stages and each of the stages has its own importance. Piaget believed that a child could not skip a stage because each one is necessary in the process of cognitive development. In accordance with Meece (2002) and funderstanding.com (2006) the four stages are described as such: Sensorimotor stage (birth 2 years old)The child, through physical interaction with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works. This is the stage where a child does not know that physical objects remain in existence even when out of sight (object permanence). Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations. Concrete operations (ages 7-11)As physical experience accumulates, the child starts to conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences. Abstract problem solving is also possible at this stage. For example, arithmetic equations can be solved with numbers, not just with objects. Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)By this point, the childs cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include conceptual reasoning. (p. 1) In Piagets research, these four stages are rather concrete. But, many current researchers do not completely agree with the exactitude and universality of these stages. Piaget also refers to three different types of knowledge. Physical knowledge is knowing the attributes of objects such as their number, color, size and shape (Meece, 2002, p. 122). Logio-mathematical knowledge involves the mental construction of relationships (p. 122). Social knowledge is derived in part through interactions with others (p. 123). Piaget focused on classification and relations, spatial relationships, time, movement, chance, number, conservation and measurement in concrete stages (Genetic Epistemology, 2006). Lev Vygotsky was more concerned with how a child interacts with his culture and society (Meece, 2002). Piaget viewed knowledge as individually constructed while Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as socially co-constructed between people as they interact (p. 155). Vygotsky believed that children are born with elementary mental abilities such as perception, attention and memory (Meece, p. 156). As children develop and interact socially with their culture and society, these innate characteristics are further developed. According to Vygotsky, one of the most important parts of cognitive development is language. Within this theory, language occurs in three stages: social speech, egocentric speech and inner speech. Social speech is just that: speech for the purposes of communicating. Egocentric speech is more intellectual and children use this by speaking out loud to themselves. Inner speech is used by children to think in their heads about the problem or task at hand, instead of verbalizing their thoughts in order to decide what to do next. According to the website funderstanding.com, the zone of proximal development explains that, a difference exists between what [a] child can do on [his or] her own and what the child can do with help [from knowledgeable peers or adults] (p. 1). For example, a young child may not be able to put together a complex puzzle by himself, but with the help of an older child or another adult, the young child could put together the puzzle correctly. Both Piagets and Vygotskys theories of cognitive development provide foundations for constructivist approaches to teaching and learning (Meece, 2002). Each of their theories concern qualitative changes within a childs cognitive process. They also have the same goal within the classroom, creating for students a community of learning. Even though both theories have a common goal, each of them has a different approach when dealing with children and education. For instance, Piagets theory can help educators understand how children react and learn according to their age while Vygotskys theory can help understand the role of society in childrens education. Piaget was a scholar of natural science who happened to discover a way to explain how children acquire knowledge as they develop in age. Piagets theory can be directly related to his traditional background as he tries to explain the major transformations that children go through while acquiring knowledge. Piaget strongly believed that each age group varied significantly not only in the individual and group aspect, but also in the cultural aspect as well. The stages that he created are the following: Sensorimotor, Preoperations, Concrete Operations, and Formal Operations. All of these stages are met when children manipulate objects. This manipulation allows the creation of mental representation of the world and it allows two-way interaction with the environment. Essentially, the goal is to allow a child the ability to create and understand his world in a logical way. All of these stages result from the childrens manipulation of objects that lets them create a mental representation of the world and act on and influence the environment they live in (and vice versa), so that learners gradually forego illogical ways of thinking. Piagets theory is about including spontaneous experimentation in a single and group basis, so that students can build their own understanding based on the experiences that they have. By setting up this system, the children are not only limited to the classroom setting, but they are more alert of their surroundings. This method leads them to learn about self-correction, self-instruction, and self-motivation because of its hand on experience approach. According to Piaget, the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction. Childrens logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults (Jean Piaget Society, 2006), believing that the acquisition of knowledge is a process of continuous self-construction (Silverthorn, 1999). In order to adopt the cognitive development following Piagets theory, the educator should organize the class time with spontaneous mental activities to let learners develop their own ideas and to construct a healthy learning environment. To achieve this, Piaget encourages teachers to provide a role for social interaction and communication by presenting appropriate materials, drills, so that children can actively learn how to confront their physical and social world by living their own experiences. According to Marcy Driscoll (1994), there are three basic instructional principles on which Piagetian theorists generally agree: Principle 1: The learning environment should support the activity of the child (i.e., an active, discovery-oriented environment) Principle 2: Childrens interactions with their peers are an important source of cognitive development (i.e., peer teaching and social negotiation) (Driscoll, 1994). Principle 3: Adopt instructional strategies that make children aware of conflicts and inconsistencies in their thinking (i.e., conflict teaching and Socratic dialog) All of these principles are meant to be used in such a way that children can relate and continue to build upon previously acquired knowledge. It is important and necessary that teachers play the role of facilitators and encourage dialog among students about things that they have discovered themselves, so that learning become an automatic and enjoyable process. Piaget has inspired major curriculum reforms, some of his major contributions to education are (Meece, 2002): Knowledge must be actively constructed by the child. Educators should help children learn how to learn. Learning activities should be matched to the childs level of conceptual development. Peer interactions play an important role in the childs cognitive development (p. 169). Although this method seems beneficial, the financial cost and time-consumption that is involved during the set-up cause this method to be less influential. When compared with Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory places a stronger emphasis on social interactions. According to Vygotsky, knowledge is not individually constructed, but co -constructed between people. For Vygotsky, language and communication play the most important role of cognitive development his primary concern dealing with nature, evaluation and the transmission of human culture. Vygotsky identified three stages in childrens use of language: Language is primarily used for communication (social speech). Children begin to use egocentric or private speech to regulate their own thinking. Children use inner speech or verbal thoughts to guide their thinking and actions. For Piagets theory, language did not play such an important role in childrens development; however for Vygotskys theory speech is an extremely important developmental phenomenon as he believed that children learn through conversations with adults as the need to communicate with them presses the child to seek for the adult meanings of things that are said (Mason Timothy, 2006). So learning becomes a result of mature thinking and behavior due to socio-cultural experiences. For instance, Vygotsky encourages collaborative process of learning between teachers and students in the going of social events in the classroom. Vygotskys term Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was used to refer the difference between what children can do on their own, and what they could do with the assistance of others (Meece, 2002). The ZPD indicates what a childs level of mental development is at a particular time (Galant, 2006). Vygotsky assumed that interactions with adults and peers in the zone of proximal development help children move to higher levels of mental functioning (Meece, 2002). Vygotsky believed that interactions with adults and peers in this zone helped children move to higher levels of mental functioning within the classroom. Vygotskys approach challenges traditional teaching methods, as he emphasizes the significance of cooperative thinking that take place in the decision making process. This involves having students paired together or in small groups in which the teachers task is to focus on maintaining students motivation in order to pursue the instructional goal. Vygotskys theory is about guided discovery by having the teacher offer, intriguing questions to students and having them discover the answers through testing hypotheses. The students are engaged in the discovery process; however, they are still receiving assistance from a more knowledgeable source (Sample, 2006). According to Meece (2002), some of the major Educational Contributions of Vygotskys theories are: Role of private speech in cognitive development. The importance of guided participation and scaffolding. The role of peer interactions in cognitive development (p. 159-161). This method is helpful because it encourages constant peer review. However, if not handled properly, it can bring up a common problem that students and teachers frequently face. This disadvantage would be when groups rely on one member to do all the work. Meece (2002) explains that Piagets cognitive development theory is based on a childs innate ability to productively think on their own. This cognitive ability allows them to move to the next cognitive stage as they mature biologically and adapt to their environment. Children assimilate and accommodate their current schema, or mental constructs, to fit the new information presented in the classroom. Cognitive development and social interaction feeds intellectual activity and learning. The classroom methods of instruction should match the level of cognitive development, facilitating the advancement to the next stage of cognitive development. The level of cognitive development for early childhood learners (2-7 years) is described by Piaget as the preoperational stage (Meece, 2002). At this stage intuition and language develop. Examples of instructional tools Piaget would recommend to describe objects they are experiencing include: concrete props, symbols, and visual aids such as drawings, usage of models or examples, lessons about the childrens world and their experiences, less paper-and-pencil tasks and more hands on learning, back-and-forth conversations with peers to develop skills for the next stage, and field trips. According to Piaget, logical and mental operations are part of the cognitive development of children in the elementary school years (7-11 years). A childs thinking becomes less rigid and more dynamic during this stage. Piaget called this stage the concrete operations stage (Meece, 2002). Huitt (1997) mentions these instructional tools that follow this theory: concrete props such as three dimensional science models, lab work with minimal steps, brief and well organized lectures, relate existing instruction into previously learned material, word problems in math, and problems which require logic and analysis to solve. The Math Forum at Drexel University (2006) explained math education using a Piagetian theory: Students need to construct their own understanding of each mathematical concept, so that the primary role of teaching is not to lecture, explain, or otherwise attempt to transfer mathematical knowledge, but to create situations for students that will foster their making the necessary mental constructions. A critical aspect of the approach is a decomposition of each mathematical concept into developmental steps following a Piagetian theory of knowledge based on observation of, and interviews with, students as they attempt to learn a concept (para.1). Piagets final stage in his theory of cognitive development covers the 12 year old and up group. This stage is called the formal operations stage. Huitt Hummel (2003) describe this stage as characterized by a shift in thinking from the real to the involvement of abstractions and reflections. In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Early in the period there is a return to egocentric thought. Only 35% of high school graduates in industrialized countries obtain formal operations; many people do not think formally during adulthood (page 1). Huitt (1997) suggests classroom practices such as these to best use Piagets theory: concrete operations stage type graphs on a more complicated scale, ask students to explore hypotheticals as they explore other worlds or complicated issues, encourage students to describe opposing viewpoints, have students describe how the solved the problem, teach broad but curriculum related concept s, and use materials and ideas relevant to the students to broaden their perspectives. Meece (2002) explains that Vygotsky did not believe an individuals thinking structure as innate, but cultural and social in origin and influence. Social and cultural interactions with knowledgeable peers and adults fuel cognitive development while improving the elementary thinking skills of the child (perception, attention, memory) to a higher level. Vygotsky might suggest Reciprocal Teaching in the classroom. This involves guided participation by a knowledgeable adult; with the students eventually taking over the learning activity. Egocentric speech was favored by Vygotsky. This is the thinking aloud speech children sometimes use to work through a problem. Vygotsky would not only encourage students to use this speech, but would demonstrate its use in practical settings. Collaborative learning activities would also be emphasized in the Vygotsky classroom. Learning is facilitated with meaningful discussions among students in a collaborative learning setting. Especially valuable are discussions with knowledgeable peers. Knowledgeable peers and teachers elevate a student beyond the students current capabilities, a place the student would not have achieved otherwise. It is absolutely possible to incorporate parts of both Piaget and Vygotskys theories in the classroom. Both theorists take a constructivist point of view and also believe that students are not passive in their knowledge (Meece, 2002). It is important for the teacher to be important organizers, stimulators, guides, and supporters of learning (p. 168). Piagets theory suggests that students need a curriculum that supports their cognitive development by learning concepts and logical steps. He also suggests that children are only capable of learning specific material in specific stages of cognitive development. Vygotsky would suggest more peer and cultural interactions in the classroom (funderstanding.com, 2006). He also believes that knowledgeable adults can help children learn even if they are not at the specific stage as Piaget suggests (Meece 2002). It is possible that while children are learning about concepts and logic, they can also interact with their peers and other adults by wor king on projects that relate the two together. It seems as though children may show some signs of specific development at specific times, but with help they can also excel at tasks they may not be able to do without help of others. Piaget and Vygotsky have differing views on cognitive development, but it is possible to incorporate parts of both theories when thinking about teaching strategies. Teachers must take into consideration the social and cultural background of the student before preparing the lesson plan. Using Piagets theory, the student must be at the correct stage of development in order use and understand the knowledge at hand. But, Vygotsky says that even if the child is not at the correct stage of development then a knowledgeable adult or teacher could influence the child and help him get to a level beyond what his level would otherwise indicate.

Helper Client Confidentiality Essay -- Psychology

Informed consent and confidentiality play a very important role in the helping profession. The helper needs to clearly communicate to the client that the information shared with them is confidential, meaning that it is not reused for any other purpose other than to assist the client with what they are there to work on (Hill, p.65). The professional must also communicate the three exceptions in which the information shared is not kept confidential. Those exceptions are: 1) When information regarding child, adult, or elder abuse is revealed. 2) When the client reports information that he or she is in danger of harming oneself or others. 3) When the client has authorized in writing that information from ones file can be released. It is also important to share with the client that a supervisor within the organization may also be made aware of the client’s information as sometimes cases need to be discussed for guidance and to ensure quality of services delivered. Discussing confidentiality with a client provides great benefits for the client/helper relationship. The client should feel informed about the therapeutic process, and providing them with such information at the beginning can help to ease the client’s concerns about what can and cannot be done with their information. The client should feel at ease when the helper informs him or her that their information is strictly confidential except given the circumstance noted above. It is also an opportunity for the client to ask question for clarification and feel empowered from the beginning. It is possible that a client could have some discomfort with the confidentiality and informed consent process and as a result choose not to proceed with therapy. The loss of a client’s p... ...sitive information with his family members and close friends, he cannot approach the counseling process like that. Each client has the right to choose who they wish to confide in, even if he believes that by sharing the information would result in a better quality of life for the client. Without a clear intent of harm to oneself, the therapist should honor the client’s wishes while still trying to provide a therapeutic setting. As time passes, it is possible for the client to change her view of the situation, and perhaps even her course of action after more time is spent gaining insight. Works Cited Hill, C.E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating Exploration, Insight, and Action, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Sharf, R.S. (2012). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Concepts and Cases, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Computers Toys Not Tools :: Essays Papers

Computers Toys Not Tools Due to the advances in recent computer technologies, computers are now sold with state-of-the-art, costly equipment that most people do not need. Most computers on the market these days are built to attract the eye of the consumer. They come loaded with hi-tech hardware and catchy tag words like mega RAM, quad-speed drives and digital processing, but the fact is, the computer has been exploited to the American public to attract a broader base of consumers and to change the way we view computers from tools to toys. The modern age has brought countless advances and the most sophisticated technologies the world has ever seen. Over the years, we have all marveled at the exciting developments in the fields of science and electronics. In the beginning, computers stored memory on reels of magnetic film, and the average size of a computer was as big enough to fill a whole room. Gradually, computers were built smaller and faster; however, computers were strictly used for business purposes, and only trained technicians were allowed to operate them. In this day and age, operating computers has become a daily exercise for the majority of the population. Computers are everywhere, and the demand for them is greater now than it ever has been. Today it seems that everyone wants their own compact super machine, not because it will process thousands of bytes worth of information in a blink of an eye, but because it comes in tangerine. Due to the strategic planning of many corporations that would like to see their products in your living room the

On Classical Music, Heavy Metal, and Parenting :: Non-Fiction Essays

On Classical Music, Heavy Metal, and Parenting You know, much to my parents’ chagrin, I used to hate classical music. In retrospect it makes perfect sense. I would get up on weekends, and when I’d come downstairs, instead of being whisked away by the light, airy strings of The Red Priest, I would instead be jolted awake by the sound of my dog’s howling. Soon thereafter we got a second dog, and then, not only were the decibels doubled, but the howling of two dogs would beat together as their respective sound waves mingled. Maybe I never liked the music itself. Too soft, too boring. However, I’ll conveniently absolve myself of guilt and say that I hated the music because it was too often complemented by the throbbing beat of my dogs’ objection. I mean really, dogs have no shame. I took piano lessons for six years. Rather, they made me take them. This was not a voluntary undertaking. Ironically enough, that seemed to help very little to further what should have been love for the classical. No, I wasn’t studying Jazz piano. I was very much ensconced in the works of Bach, Chopin, Bartok and the like. I practiced a lot. I suppose that I should also mention the fact that I couldn’t play the instrument, and that my technical control over it wasn’t worth a damn. My teacher, who was and still is a wonderful woman, would sign me up for piano examinations. They were like aptitude tests. I would play before a judge, and in addition to memorizing and playing a few pieces, I would also be asked to bang out scales and progressions that I was expected to know. Which I didn’t. It was hard to become fond of such music when I began to associate it with recitation, obligation, and the cruel, brutally honest judgment of my abilities, that glorious, r ipe fruit of my toils. I think the judges would pass me because they felt sorry for me. My musical tastes went through a few unfortunate years. My parents openly refused to take my musical sensibility seriously. They thought I was a joke, and with unwavering stubbornness, and I suppose ignorance, I would pitch my nose in the air, insisting no no, this really is good music. In an effort to distance myself from what I thought was the pretentious, classical bore, I moved to the other side of the continuum, and discovered grunge and alternative rock, a musical genre that deliberately attempted to be non-musical and crude.

Policy and Guidance Impacting on Support Services at National Level

Research the policy and guidance impacting on support services at national level and evaluate how this operates at local level The government wants children and young people to have more opportunities to get involved in the design,provision and evaluation of policies and services that affect them or which they use. Minister will be looking to their individual departments and agencies to develop robust but realistic arrangement to make sure this happens.Actively involving children and young people in this way will produce better services. Ultimately that will produce better outcomes for children and young people,as well as stronger communities,as department and agencies across government draw on children and young people s contributions to shape and tailor service to meet real. Rather than presumed needs, The purpose of this guidance is to Introduce the core principles on which this work should be based.Provide departments with some early advice and background and with signposts to ad ditional help,so that departments can develop effective plans and Let departments know the broad timetable for action Government on strategic priorities and the effective implementation of safeguarding policy. We have taken immediate action to start to transform the social work profession. We are clarifying and strengthening the key role of Local Safeguarding Children Boards.And we are establishing a new National Safeguarding Delivery Unit to ensure a co-ordinated approach across Government and to support and challenge Children’s Trusts and local authorities to drive up standards and the quality of practice. This document sets out the Government’s detailed response to Lord Laming’s report and our plan of action to deliver the step change which he has called for. It is an action plan to which I and my colleagues across Government are firmly committed but one which we know we cannot deliver alone.Keeping children and young people safe must be the responsibility, e very single day, of us all. Nothing we can do will bring back the children who have died at the hands of their abusers or relieve the suffering of those children who have been deliberately harmed. But we have to be determined to learn the lessons and to act now to make a lasting difference so that more children will be protected in future. we must move further, faster.

Religious and Moral about Clowns

Clowns are generally considered that they exist for fun and entertainment, but when one who has clear knowledge about a clown and his job, one will understand how powerful clowns are. Barbara Tedlock has studied a lot about clown across the world and he wrote an essay called, ‘The Clown’s Way’. In fact main job of clowns is to entertain, give fun and make the people laugh. Clowns often remind us about circus, how they entertain the crowd with their funny words and deeds. They are professional clowns who are into the job for earning. There is also another kind of clowns who do such things for their religion and with a fear of religious beliefs. They are religious clowns. The best moral to learn from religious clowns are to make others laugh irrespective of one’s own worries and day to life tensions. Every clown is a human in fact, and they too have some worries of life. But once they wear clown mask, they forget all their personal worries and issues, and everything they do is laugh and let others laugh, which is very healthy to anyone. Different religious clowns entertain people in different ways. Heyoka clowns do things the other way like they read backwards, walk backwards, ride the horse in backward direction, moves counter-sunwise. His voice is a thunderclap. In few religions, during festivals, the clowns open the baggage of the guests, though such things are annoying, the guest burst up in laughs looking at the way the clowns behave. In some religion, clowns pour water on the guests and they also throw coal. This is always ends up with fun, but not into fights. In few religions, clowns go door to door to beg food and tobacco, if anyone refuses; they are allowed to do anything to fetch food from any house. The theft of food is a very common issue in California. The theft of food sometimes leads up to sexual show ups like they talk or sing about sex, or they perform sexual displays in the public at women. According to Tedlock, Jemez clowns â€Å"make advances toward women†; Ponca clowns â€Å"crawl up and touch a woman’s genitalia in full daylight†; and Kwakiutl clowns jest with chiefs’ daughters, often making pointed references to sex. In the Southeast, Creek clowns, while singing obscene songs during the Crazy Dance make sexual motions and even come into bodily contact with women. (p.6). Generally it is considered by many religious clowns that they believe they will die if they do not do their job properly. Though they show things in a funny way, many of their deeds share knowledge about the religion or they teach us a moral of life. One of the best examples said by Tedlock is about Pueblo Indian Clowns. On the occasion of feeding the katchina dancers, clowns substitute ashes or sweepings for corn meal as their own sacred offerings, and they make people laugh. But this deed has a hidden moral. It shows the religious deeds of Zuni woman, who deposit sweepings at the corn field and say, â€Å"I now deposit you as sweepings but in one year you will return to me as corn†. It is just like instead of wasting corn on the floor as sweepings, they will make it purpose for future food.

Analysis of Sylvia Plath Poems Essay

Stringency: A rigorous imposition of standards; A tightness or constriction; A scarcity of money or credit. Strictness: conscientious attention to rules and details The narrator makes reference to ‘a stake in your fat black heart’ and vampire imagery is clearly used here as vampire can only be killed with a stake through the heart. The stress falling on each word is like each pound and thrust of the stake. In addition, monosyllabic words create force and energy. The sentence is plosive and it is almost as if the heart is going to burst. We can understand the narrator’s possible dislike of domestic chores from her depiction of how ‘a sudden wind funnels at me/Slapping its phantom laundry in my face.’ The personification of the wind makes it come alive and the word ‘slapping’ is particularly explosive. It suggests that the wind is being harsh towards her. The word phantom shows death imagery. The ‘sudden wind could refer to the death of her father or perhaps the sudden discovery of her husband’s affair. This abruptness is supported by the following line because the phrase â€Å"a slap in the face† can be used to imply the element of surprise. The lake in Mirror ‘has drowned a young girl and replaced her with a middle-aged woman. Throughout the poem the mirror/lake appears as quite a sadistic character who takes delight in the girl’s sadness. This text informs us that her youth is passing and age is gaining on her; the word ‘young’ puts particular emphasis on this fact. The drowning could suggest that the girl has drowned herself in her vanity. We can liken the girl to Narcissus, who was so obsessed with his reflection that he couldn’t tear himself away and eventually died. The mushrooms declare that there are ‘So many of us! / So many of us!’ We read this line as if it has been yelled. This is assisted by the previous line – ‘little or nothing’ where nothingness suggests that the line itself is almost â€Å"quiet†. The mushrooms in this poem are linked to women in the time of Plath and so it is like they are yelling to be noticed. This poem is  written in a time period when women’s right were very much suppressed. The poem Ariel takes a turn in the stanza – White Godiva, I unpeel – Dead hands, dead stringencies. The word ‘white’ suggest starting fresh. ‘Unpeeling’ implies that the narrator is unpeeling her â€Å"layers†, and trying to find herself. Lady Godiva is famous for riding naked through the streets of Coventry which is quite a rebellious thing to do. The narrator is rebelling from the expectancies of women at that time. She does not want to follow the rules, the constrictions, the ‘stringencies’ and she makes this clear by referring to them as dead. ‘Dead hands’ could mean that her hands are ‘dead’ from doing household work and could also be a metaphor for the rules that have a hold on her.

The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay

The Educational reforms policy has extremely valued the betterment in the instruction sector in Pakistan as stated by Education reforms Policy 2009. On the other manus national authoritiess and employers have argued that it is of import for all sectors of instruction to fix persons who are able to believe good and for themselves ( Pithers, Rebecca sodden 2010 ) . The states with most economic growing and development have rather a good educational substructure and as stated above, They work rather difficult on supplying quality instruction through available resources. Therefore we have a job of importance of incorporating critical thought with the current educational reforms. In this assignment I will foreground some of the instruction sector reforms along with the construct of critical thought. First portion constitute of state portfolio, followed by the work of authorities in the instruction sector and it as the instance survey which is subsequently on followed by an history of the policy of authorities and schemes it presented which shows the complete scenario subsequently on an history on critical thought and it ‘s usage has been elaborated while the decision highlights how it can be used to better the bing authorization of instruction reforms.1.2 Country portfolio:Pakistan became an autonomous state in 1947 when British India split into a Muslim province of Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India. The state is a federation of four states, each one with a parliamentary system, federally administered Tribal Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. The four states are Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah ( KPK ) and Balochistan. Pakistan is situated in South Asia, surrounding India to the East, Iran to the South West, China to the North East, and Afghanistan to the West and North. To the South is the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic. Since 1947 the state has experienced a assortment of democratic and military authoritiess. Pakistan has approximately 162 million dwellers ( 2005 estimation ) . Most, 97 % of the population is Muslim. The state is composed of several cultural groups of which Punjabi is the largest and rest include Pashtuns, Balochi and Sindhi while several smaller cultural groups. Punjabi is one of the most widely spoken linguistic communication along with Urdu as the official linguistic communication and English as the linguistic communication of disposal. The public is immature and fast turning with a mean age of 19.58 old ages and a public growing rate of 2.03 % . The state has an estimated literacy rate someplace between 48 % and 54 % depending on the beginnings and the definitions used ( 10 years+ or 15 years+ ) with large gender differences and differences between rural, tribal and urban countries. 32 % of the public lives below the poorness line. The chief employment is within agribusiness sector ( 42 % ) , while 38 % of the human resource work in services while 20 % in industry. The state has been hurt from long internal differences, a low degree of foreign investing in the private sector and wars with India. However, in recent yesteryear, helped by macroeconomic betterments and an addition in industrial production, Pakistan has practiced a positive ec onomic disposition, with an one-year growing in GDP of 6.1 % . The Fundamental law from 1973 ( article 33 ) needs development of an instruction policy to safeguard the saving, pattern and ascent of Islamic political orientation and rules as enshrined in the instructions of the Quran and the Holy Prophet. The National Education Policy ( 1998-2010 ) clearly states the aim of doing Islamic instruction the codification of life incorporated in all signifiers of instruction. The instance survey:1.3 Education Sector Reforms.The Government ‘s I-PRSP sets endeavoring marks for polishing instruction sector results and the Government has moved to set in topographic point programs to accomplish these marks. The Federal Minister of Education used an Education Sector Reform ( ESR ) plan in 2001 which seeks to offer national leading around the Education For All program every bit good as reference major sectorial issues. The ESR wants to turn to these achievements have been challenged in the past few months, and the Pakistan economic system has been adversely affected by the post-September 11th events. The Government is at work to remain the declared class of action and endure to turn to the organisational reform docket. Some of the critical letdowns of the yesteryear in the instruction sector by supplying resource mobilisation and use, and presenting institutional reforms at every degree of instruction to progress in administration. Goals are set for increasing literacy, gross primary registration, in-between school and secondary registration and higher instruction, by the twelvemonth 2004. The attack for traveling towards these aims include a assorted figure of constituents and investings at all degrees of instruction, including an ample sum of literacy programme, enlargement of primary and simple degree instruction, conveying up of a proficient watercourse at secondary school degree, polishing quality of instruction through instructor preparation which is one of chief procedure of educational reforms, higher instruction sector reforms which chiefly aims at instruction higher than class 12, and public private subdivision partnerships. In add-on, the ESR includes new open uping plans in scrutiny betterment, a countrywide instruction appraisal system illustration of which are the HEC and quality confidence programmes, picture text edition libraries, along with early childhood instruction known chiefly as baby's room and an â€Å" follow a school † plan. The Islamabad Capital Territory is being utilized to prove a figure of the assorted enterprises consisting the e nlisting of instructors on contract bases, implementing preparation exercisings for caput instructors and instruction centres to assist better instructors ‘ educational cognition, promotion of entry makings for instructors and presenting a instructor focused codification of moralss to work out chronic instructor absenteeism. In the context of devolution/decentralization, administration betterments constitutes sturdily in the ESR. Mechanisms are being established to reorganise school control and citizens community boards, provide assorted extra resources for instruction and rationalisation of supervisors to territory degrees. The said Citizen Boards and School Management Committees are given duty for some elements of monitoring and supervising of instructor public presentation which is a critical portion of this country. Self-acting monitoring plans will besides be set up to grade policy and pattern. The ESR puts a high precedence on consolidation of public private partnerships in the conveyance of instruction services. Encouragements to the private sector to set up schools, peculiarly in rural countries and urban slums would be rather utile in this respect which include proviso of free of cost or concessional land, non commercial services rates, generous grant of charters, and exclusion of certain types of dues and revenue enhancements. The Government has besides taken the chief function in reformation of the Nationwide Education Foundation supplying it with greater independency under the Societies Act. The Sindh Government ‘s â€Å" Adopt a School † plan has been rather positive in intriguing corporate and other financess to concern text editions, schools uniforms, and other commissariats every bit good as preservation of edifices, and is being replicated in diverse parts of the state. In add-on the Government plans to absorb private sector and NGO schools into the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) and the National Education Assessment agreement at national and provincial degrees. In tantamount with the federal authorities ‘s ESR creativeness, provincial authoritiess, wherever duty for instruction remainders, are besides get downing to set in topographic point steps that address some of the most cardinal jobs of the system, such as naming instructors to account through a re-certification procedure, associating wage with public presentation ( attending ) , assignment of new instructors on contract bases and specifically for school with assorted researching ways to run all available underutilized school edifices. Each state has begun to quite earnestly supervise teacher presence and subjective grounds of that has been provided in many countries. To spread out installations, a new start has been prepared on a large backlog of postponeded care and the plan of alot new militias has been rationalized. Education sections are holding duties of stock lists fresh schools and look intoing options for their use, inter alia through â€Å" undertaking out † bat tles.Theory used:The direction scientific discipline position of the popular organizational acquisition theory, specifically the ‘technical ‘ strand, has been used and applied to this peculiar survey ( Addleson, 1996 ; Easterby-Smith 1997 ) . It foresees that the university administration is infact a system that aligns its purposes to particular action programs to gain awaited results ( Agyris & A ; Schon, 1978 ) . As the university replies to alterations in its ambiance, it is possible that it will besides redefine its purposes or at least alter its action programs in order to obtain satisfactory results as it often adapts to its unstable ambiance. The state of affairs in which the university maps has been considered by worsening and intermittent authorities support, increasing societal authorization for higher instruction, increasing independency and answerability as required by the appraisal and quality bureaus. The reaction of the university can be a new or a counter active action program could be started by a feedback cringle when the anticipated results have non been attained. In the same manner, the responses of the university administration can be so prevailing that they move the said purposes or programs ( bing norms or values ) that will besides do new action programs to obtain satisfactory consequences. Curative programs or incremental fluctuations are the most common in university organisations ( Boyce, 2003 ) although considerable alterations in the usual norms have besides been reported ( for illustration Clark, 1998 ) . This theoretical statements have been applied as an interpretative model within which the responses of the university to public sector reforms have been evaluated. Similarly, as it is thought of, critical thought involves aptitudes in add-on to certain temperaments. They are brought to bear in placing a trouble and its associated conventions ; clear uping and concentrating the job itself ; and analyzing, understanding and doing usage of deductions, inductive and deductive logic, every bit good as judging the legitimacy and dependableness of the premises, beginnings of informations or information which is available ( e.g. Kennedy, Fisher and Ennis, 1991 ) .3. The educational reforms instance:The chief aim of authorities policy in the past few old ages has been to better the degree and quality of schooling in Pakistan. The authorities vision is to spread out primary instruction and this step can be used to measure whether authorities schools have augmented their coverage, by increasing registrations quicker than the growing in public, particularly at the lower degree because that degree forms the nucleus of the knowing population. Literacy and primary school registration rates in Pakistan have displayed development during last five old ages but they are still hanging behind other states of the part. Deficit of resources and deficient proviso of comfortss and preparation are the primary troubles in instructing and spread outing instruction. The present authorities ‘s program for the sector includes implementing the operation and usage of bing schools, developing the quality of instruction, spread outing registration, polishing entree to instruction and increasing the primary instruction system. Under the 18th constitutional amendment during the reign of General Pervez Musharraf ordinance and direction of the instruction sector has been devolved to the states. They are now held responsible for the assorted cardinal countries of the instruction sector i.e. course of study and course of study, centres of excellence, standardisation of instruction up to intercede degree ( Grade 12 ) and it besides includes the Islamic instruction. Planning and policy and standardisation of instruction beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List which is an of import factor in relationship to the reforms in this country. All the states have emphasized their committedness to the National Education Policy 2009.3.1 National Educational Policy 2009The National Educational Policy ( NEP ) 2009 is an accomplishment which aims to turn to a figure of assorted aims including: oˆ? quality and measure of instruction in schools and college instruction oˆ? cosmopolitan primary instruction which is a portion of UN docket oˆ? improved Early Children Education ( ECE ) known as baby's rooms oˆ? improved installations in primary schools both in rural and urban countries oˆ? change overing primary schools to simple schools oˆ? detaching categories XI-XII from college instruction oˆ? following a comprehensive definition of ‘free ‘ instruction which will supply instruction to every citizen oˆ? accomplishing regional and gender para particularly at simple degree in order to continue gender equality oˆ? provide demand based accomplishments and increase in the portion of resources for instruction in both public and private countries The policy besides defines the motivations of authorities at the federal every bit good as the provincial degree in the country of instruction. The National instruction scheme is being applied through a figure of different strategies and one of the of import strategy in this respect is the Quality Assurance Programme.3.2 Quality Assurance ProgrammeHarmonizing to information from HEC ‘s web site, the mission of the Quality Assurance Programme is to present an integrated quality and confidence direction service for higher acquisition where ends of the strategy are: aˆ? To analyze the spreads in the background of quality of higher instruction in Pakistan aˆ? To run into the tests of planetary adaptibility in higher instruction aˆ? To better the criterions of higher acquisition in cross-cutting countries and assorted degrees aˆ? To develop a executable and maintainable mechanism of quality confidence in the higher instruction sector of the state An adviser of Quality Assurance in HEC is in charge for induction of the Quality Assurance Programme. Under the Quality Assurance Programme, a Quality Assurance Committee was established in 2003. The commission is made of Vice Chancellors from assorted universities with the aim of holding representation from smaller and medium universities and universities for adult females and to better geographical equality. The Team has an extended end to guarantee the appraisal, betterment and publicity of higher instruction. The Committee articulates policies, steering rules and significances for higher instruction establishments, organize programs for the development of the establishments ( in cooperation with the establishments ) and sets up national or regional appraisal councils to transport out enfranchisement of establishments. One of the first undertakings of the commission was to decide on the Ranking of Universities. The ground for this judgement was to: â€Å" advance positive competition and Foster betterment in criterions of higher instruction programmes † ; â€Å" Harmonizing to the Powers and Functions of the Commission as stated in â€Å" Ordinance No. LIII of 2002, Para 10, Clause vitamin E † the Higher Education Commission may put up national or regional rating councils or authorise any bing council or similar organic structure to transport out accreditation of Institutions including their sections, installations and subjects by giving them appropriate evaluations. The Commission shall assist construct capacity of bing councils or organic structures in order to heighten the dependability of the rating carried out by them. † Accreditation councils in Pakistan have been established for calculating and technology, while councils for accreditation are besides planned for agribusiness, concern and instruction. National Computing Education Accreditation Council ( NCEAC ) NCEAC is another organic structure that is bettering the quality of instruction pupils receive in topics in applied scientific disciplines, calculating, technology and engineering instruction in the universities and assorted related establishments of higher instruction in Pakistan. The aims of the said councils are to vouch quality in calculating degree plans in educational establishments by guaranting that programmes run into certain distinguishable criterions or standards. It shall be obligatory for all relevant academic programmes delivered by public and private sector organisations to be accredited by NCEAC. It is besides an aim to guarantee transparence of tantamount survey programmes.4. Critical thought:Evaluation is considered as a nucleus ability. Attitudes or temperaments such as a ‘spirit of enquiry ‘ are besides seen by some writers in the field as really of import ( e.g. Ennis, 1993 ; Perkins, Jay and Tishman, 1993 ) . For illustration, Ennis ‘s position of critical thought involves wide temperaments, movable over different spheres such as being ‘open-minded ‘ , ‘drawing indefensible guesss carefully ‘ and ‘considering the credibleness of grounds ‘ . These capablenesss and temperaments occur with in a planetary mentality in which thought is abstracted as a type of reasoned statement with an explicitly societal dimension ( Kuhn, 1991 ) . Kember ( 1997 ) , after analyzing the available published research grounds, it is suggested that learning attacks in third instruction may be influenced by interaction of factors. For illustration, one factor, course of study made, was seen to act upon university and college lectors to be more subjective in nature when learning instead than on the development of critical thought. This may be due to the fact that content is normally specified far more to the full than perchance generalizable the abilities. It seems excessively that instructors are presented small aid in lighting what is encompassed in the impression of ‘good ‘ thought. Thus they are non clear on what it is they are supposed to be assisting pupils to come on. Not amazingly, deficiency of lucidity about the ability of critical thought leads to misperception about how good thought might be measured ; appraisal and rating of critical thought has been greatly neglected worldwide ( e.g. Kennedy et al. , 1991 ) . Continuing confusion about these jobs seems sometimes to take to education attacks to problem-solving which are dubious to develop more widely movable generalizable critical thought aptitudes and mentalities. Research in the UK farther instruction sector, where the growing of work related thought has been highlighted since the late eightiess, provides illustrations of instruction which is changing with this purpose. Teaching activities probably to develop critical thought were known to be rare in Social Care courses. This was a surprise, provided that the classs in this zone were an induction into a profession which values critical scrutiny ( Anderson et al. , 1997 ) . Bloomer ( 1998 ) reported a similar tendency based upon his research of a scope of assorted programmes taking to the General National Vocational Qualifications ( GNVQ ) . In these classs pupils engaged in much activity, although it seldom included critical scrutiny. However, there appears to be a deficit of published research which examines the advancement of critical thought during degree-level classs. In a survey of critical thought affecting 256 Scots and Australian university pupils analyzing instruction, an enterprise was made to size critical thought utilizing the Smith-Whetton Critical Reasoning Test ( CRT ) , a moderately valid and dependable standardised psychological trial with assortments available for both states viz. UK and Australia ( Pithers and Soden, 1999 ) . Average CRT sums were equated for class campaigners with grades and those who had no grade, every bit good as for stage ( twelvemonth ) of class. Overall, it was found that there were no notable between-group CRT differences for alumnus V non-graduate students or for phase or stage of the class. In fact, alumnus appliers had CRT tonss non significantly greater than nongraduates nor did last phase ( Years 2 and 3 ) pupils, on a average mark, achieved significantly better tha n Stage 1 pupils. As a whole, these consequences propose that the kind of critical thought restrained by the CRT, based on Ennis ‘s ( 1993 ) construct which is drawn shortly, was non being good developed in the third instruction class examined in both states. Nor did the critical thought abilities and temperaments measured by the CRT appear to hold been developed significantly by the pupils during their old survey at degree degree. Furthermore, CRT mean tonss for these pupils were non signi. cantly higher than the normative sample agencies provided in the CRT Manual ( Smith and Whetton, 1992 ) for schoolleavers who had taken scrutinies measure uping them for university entry ( e.g. in the UK, A-levels ; in Australia, HSC-level ) . In a subsequent paper ( in readying ) the writers report cases of critical thought in a sample ( n = 40 ) of essays for a similar grade class whose programme aims included the development of abilities encompassed by the term critical thought ; these abilities were described explicitly in class forms issued to lectors and pupils. Cases of critical thought were rare and there was a high frequence of averments without justification. Lectors, coachs and pupils seemed non to portion an apprehension of what it means to believe critically. These findings, possibly, should non be viewed as surprising, given the published literature over a comparatively long period about the patterns which inhibit critical thought ( e.g. Raths et al. , 1966 ; Sternberg, 1987 ) . Evidence that pupils enter higher instruction with developing ability to believe critically is another statement for happening effectual steps to advance this ability. Kuhn ( 1991 ) supposed that thought as statement was variably implicated in the beliefs people hold, the opinions they make and the decisions they arrive at ; it was at the bosom of mundane thought. Among Kuhn ‘s ‘skills of statement ‘ are the ability to suggest sentiments alternative to one ‘s ain and to cognize what grounds would back up these, to supply grounds that at the same time supports one ‘s ain sentiments while refuting the options and to weigh the equity of one ‘s ain cogent evidence and that of others. Kuhn provided cogent evidence that none of these aptitudes is widespread in the grownup population in the USA, even among those wh o have had a college instruction. In a UK engagement, Anderson et Al. ( 1997 ) confirmed that pupils ‘ thought, as conceptualized in Kuhn ‘s theoretical account, could be meaningfully improved ( over that of a control group ) in the normal course of study by infixing steps flinging the chief subjects in the literature reviewed in this paper. The better measure and quality of accounts the pupils incorporated into their study lettering by the 4th month of the invasion were still evident at the terminal of the academic twelvemonth. Many authors have highlighted that thought and content are closely related. These staffs imply that larning to believe involves larning to utilize content in in turn more sophisticated ways in understanding the universe. Barnet ( 1994, p. 153 ) suggested that an educational purpose should be the growing of wisdom, corporate exchange, and a acknowledgment even a review of interior appraisals ‘ . Bonnett ( 1995 ) claimed that any appraisal of ‘good thought ‘ which fails to afirm the dependability of content is likely to be lacking. Indeed there is sound matter-of-fact grounds that good cognition and good thought are Inseparably tied up ( Bereiter and Scardamalia, 1993 ; Chi, Glaser and Farr, 1988 ) . It appears critical therefore that critical thought is teached in the class of learning subject cognition and implemented through the available agencies at manus. Combination of these thoughts with the descriptions of critical thought already outlined, it appears that one direct and effectual step lectors and instructors could put in in their instruction is to set far more accent on the specific signifiers of concluding within their ain subject country and to supply illustrations of how these signifiers of thought can be applied both within and outside of that subject. Another of import strand in the discourse on ‘good thought ‘ which helps to mix the thoughts antecedently outlined is the impression of self-regulation of thought ( e.g. Schunk and Zimmerman, 1994 ) . The guess is that this metacognitive ability, for illustration, affecting perceptual experience, review, opinion and determination devising, are all factors which allows people to orchestrate and self-regulate their ain acquisition strategies and those capablenesss are included in the term ‘critical thought ‘ . It is critical to add them in the instruction reforms as stated by the groundss shown above where we see a deficiency of any existent important factor that indicates a motion towards foregrounding the accomplishment of term critical thought in the instruction reforms mandate.5. Decision:On the bases of the thoughts originating from the current reforms performed by the authorities in bettering the quality of instruction every bit good as the surveies of doing pupils more of a critical mind, the demands of the twenty-four hours are non merely to spread out the current instruction substructure but to do pupils a more critical minds so that better Human resource is available at every degree of the authorities and private sector. ( Pithers, Rebecca 2010 ) It will be really hard for a state that has so many jobs including the first and foremost of security issue since the government alteration in Afghanistan. The primary issues included in this respect are: unrest in the Baluchistan state and tribal countries, a batch of resources traveling waste on protection of atomic assets of the state along with a menace of confrontation with the adjacent India. At the minute the instruction reform looks to be concealing behind these issues of security, poorness and wellness. It is rather likely to stay like that unless a strong committedness from a sure authorities is shown. I suggest that the undermentioned docket should be entered into the instruction policy and implemented through the Quality confidences plans in order to develop critical thought in the pupils and better instruction in Pakistan. Research grounds suggests that larning to believe good needs to be acknowledged explicitly as an purpose and appropriate alterations made to classs. Lonka and Ahola ( 1995 ) interpreted their consequences as proposing that there are two qualitatively different ways of come oning in psychological science surveies: high-quality active acquisition, which may be decelerate in the beginning, but provides qualitatively better consequences in the long tally, and extremely structured lecture/tutorial instruction, which is related to success in early stages of analyzing. There would look to be benefits in passing the full grade course of study, so that the sum of freshman subject specific information could be reduced to let the pupils clip to prosecute in activities which are likely to develop their rational abilities. The inquiry of how much subject cognition is good for pupils demands to be revisited. Research suggests excessively at all educational degrees that staff development enterprises may necessitate to concentrate more on instructors ‘ constructs of instruction and learning if they are to set up the instruction methods suggested in a generative manner. In fact some empirical research specifies rather strong relationships between instructors ‘ constructs and instruction attacks ( Kember, 1997 ) .Teachers or lectors who are merely wining the guidelines in plan paperss do non look to learn rational well. Kember suggests that constructs of instruction can be summarized in footings of two wide alliances labeled teacher-centred/contentoriented and student-centred/learning-oriented.The teacher-centred orientation comprises beginnings that instruction is about leaving information or conveyance planned cognition, whereas the student-centred orientation includes beliefs that instruction is about easing apprehensions, advancing theoretical alteration and rational developm ent. It will be about clip that Pakistan ‘s instruction reform policy put a serious idea of presenting it into the current instruction scenario.

Trends and Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trends and Marketing - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that Deluxe Financial Service is part of a two billion-dollar firm that serves over 8000 banks and financial institutions. Founded in 1915, it became a global phenomenon and its growth is considered an inspiration by many organizations. As it started, many people relied on some of its products to conduct business. However, as technology grew, it was considered old to use some of their products, and services. To prevent their organization from falling, the managing heads decided to rid themselves of everything that was old, and tried to focus on the future. Their paper checks were facing the challenge of the use of credit and debit cards. Deluxe decided to offer their consumers what they truly desired. They decided to be the financial institutions robust competitors, while promising their consumers to be their most valued, trusted business partner. Learning about consumer wants and needs became their marketing strategy. As that knowledge was put to the test , Deluxe was at an advantage over their competitors, and at par with their consumers.The retail experience financial institutions offered their clients were not appealing. Deluxe decided to take this up a notch. This changed the manner in which Deluxe conducted its business. Customer relations were increased because most of the customers claimed that, in their financial institutions, customer relations was a problem. Deluxe could assist financial institutions with customer relations, and at the same time, provide them with retail experience they so desperately needed.