Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty Coursework

Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty - Coursework Example The collusion of Southern slave states was named as the Confederate States of America, and this coalition was an aftereffect of withdrawal of slave states from the Northern American States. There are numerous books that have portrayed the merciless and critical occasions of Civil War; be that as it may, Tony Horwitz’s book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War is an impressively fitting and effective book wherein Horwitz has portrayed the occasions in contemporary and individual setting. In depicting the Civil War Horwitz composed that, â€Å"Historians are attached to stating that the Civil War happened in 10,00 spots. Jab a pin in a guide of the South and you're probably going to nudge lose some fight or encounter or another tuft of Civil War history† (Horwitz 18). The narrating procured by the creator enlightens the criticality and effect of the Civil War in contemporary American Society (3-27).In the Civil War, the homicide of Michael W esterman who was a supporter of confederates is considered as one of the most huge occasions which had increased the Civil War. This paper will talk about the occasion of the death of Westerman, and it will likewise explain the happenings because of this homicide. It is likewise expected to depict the social and enthusiastic explanations behind the homicide of Westerman alongside reasons which escalated the war after the homicide of Westerman in the light of Horwitz portrayal in his book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War.Michael Westerman was during an excursion with his significant other Hannah soon after she brought forth twin kids. Westerman was driving a red pickup truck on which a confederation banner was mounted. He was in Todd County which is an area situated in Kentucky. Kentucky was not declaredly a piece of Confederation States of America; be that as it may, there were numerous huge similitudes present in the direct of Kentucky with the go als of Confederation States. Westerman halted at a service station for topping off the fuel in his vehicle. At the service station, there was a gathering of dark young person who saw the Westerman’s vehicle with a confederation banner mounted on it which the gathering of dark American adolescents considered as an offense (89-91). The Confederation banner was viewed as hostile due to the philosophy of racial disparity that the Confederation States followed. Westerman was trailed by the gathering of dark young people who badgering him out and about a few times. Westerman sped up his vehicle to get away from the experience with the gathering of young people. Westerman didn't realize that he was being pursued by another vehicle driven by dark young people. When the vehicle drew close to Westerman's vehicle, an adolescent shot a slug on his vehicle. The gunfire focused on Westerman, and he was killed in the street in Kentucky (90-93). Horwitz allegorically shows the power and seve rity of common war alongside his enthusiasm for it by expressing, â€Å"The War’s real scene was lavish with shading and beauty† (15).

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Management - Essay Example The paper discusses information the executives that has been created as an apparatus just as a compelling methodology that centers around utilizing of information, data and information among the individuals in an association. It in this way focuses on making, sharing and using the information or data that are either put away in database or archived in contents or papers, and changing over them to valuable types of information for the advantages of the association. Information is un-prepared data, and when these are accumulated, broke down, deciphered and recorded in reports or database, it becomes data. Information happens when individuals gain data and are handled for the utilization of them in the association. For quite a while, associations have been exclusively relying upon reports for recording and breaking down the information just as data, yet as of late, innovations have significant importance and jobs in the information the executives scene because of the advances in data in novation. Unsaid and Explicit information are regular terms in information the executives writing. Information can be delegated either express or unsaid. This characterization depends on where the information, data and information are put away. As per this characterization, information the executives is a procedure of putting away and making them utilized for the business all through the papers, records, information base as regularly alluded as unequivocal information. Data and information that exists in people’s mind are known to be a piece of implied information. ... Implicit and Explicit information are regular terms in information the board writing. Information can be named either express or unsaid. This order depends on where the information, data and information are put away. As indicated by this order, information the board is a procedure of putting away and making them utilized for the business all through the papers, records, information base as regularly alluded as unequivocal information. Data and information that exists in people’s mind are known to be a piece of implicit information (Noe, p. 170). Information that are put away in PCs helped by certain extraordinarily manufactured programming are fundamentally the same as that of unsaid information, regardless of the way that they are regularly alluded as express, since they can without much of a stretch be handled than that of papers or reports. In spite of the fact that the two papers and innovation information base together are known as express structures, innovation has rolle d out gigantic improvements and acquired more prominent comforts the field of information the executives, since innovation made information the board a simple procedure. Implied information is increasingly important and has more noteworthy hugeness as far as its adequacy to business, since information that exist in people’s psyche can without much of a stretch be handled, moved, shared and changed over to progressively helpful structures. Individuals may require more endeavors in distinguishing appropriate data from the archives or PCs, examining them, summing up and deciphering lastly utilizing them for the business purposes. To put it plainly, information the board involves creation, sharing and utilizing of data and information, that are put away either in papers, archives, database or

Gordon Allports Impact on the Field of Psychology

Gordon Allport's Impact on the Field of Psychology History and Biographies Print Gordon Allports Impact on Psychology of the Personality By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Bettmann / Contributor / Getty Images   More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Early Life Meeting Sigmund Freud Approach to Psychology Career Trait Theory Contributions Selected Publications View All Back To Top Gordon Allport was a pioneering psychologist often referred to as one of the founders of personality psychology. He rejected two of the dominant schools of thought in psychology at the time, psychoanalysis and behaviorism, in favor of his own approach that stressed the importance of individual differences and situational variables. Today he is perhaps best remembered for his contributions to the trait theory of personality. In a review of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century, Allport was ranked as the 11th most eminent psychologist. Early Life Gordon Allport was born in Montezuma, Indiana, on November 11, 1897. He was the youngest of four brothers and was often described as shy, but also hard-working and studious. His mother was a school teacher and his father was a doctor who instilled in Allport a strong work ethic. During his childhood, his father used the family home to house and treat patients. Allport operated his own printing business during his teen years and served as the editor of his high school newspaper. In 1915, Allport graduated second in his class and earned a scholarship to Harvard College, where one of his older brothers, Floyd Henry Allport, was working on a Ph.D. in psychology. After earning his bachelors degree in philosophy and economics from Harvard in 1919, Allport traveled to Istanbul, Turkey, to teach philosophy and economics. After a year of teaching, he returned to Harvard to finish his studies. Allport earned his Ph.D. in psychology in 1922 under the guidance of Hugo Munsterberg. Meeting Sigmund Freud In an essay entitled Pattern and Growth in Personality, Allport recounted his experience of meeting psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. In 1922, Allport traveled to Vienna, Austria, to meet the famous psychoanalyst. After entering Freuds office, he sat down nervously and told a story about a young boy he had seen on the train during his travels to Vienna. The boy, Allport explained, was afraid of getting dirty and refused to sit where a dirty-looking man had previously sat. Allport theorized that the child had acquired the behavior from his mother, who appeared to be very domineering. Freud studied Allport for a moment and then asked, And was that little boy you? Effect on Approach to Psychology Allport viewed the experience as an attempt by Freud to turn a simple observation into an analysis of Allports supposed unconscious memory of his own childhood. The experience would later serve as a reminder that psychoanalysis tended to dig too deeply. Behaviorism,  on the other hand, Allport believed, did not dig deeply enough. Instead, Allport chose to reject both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and embraced his own unique approach to personality. At this point in psychology history, behaviorism had become the dominant force in the United States and psychoanalysis remained a powerful influence. Allports approach to human psychology combined the empirical influence of the behaviorists with the acknowledgment that unconscious influences could also play a role in human behavior. Career Allport began working at Harvard in 1924 and later left to accept a position at Dartmouth. By 1930, he returned to Harvard where he would remain for the rest of his academic career. During his first year at Harvard, he taught what was most likely the first personality psychology class offered in the United States. His work as a teacher also had a profound effect on some of his students, which included Stanley Milgram, Jerome S. Bruner, Leo Postman, Thomas Pettigrew, and Anthony Greenwald. Trait Theory of Personality Allport is perhaps best known for his trait theory of personality. He began developing this theory by going through a dictionary and noting every term he found that described a personality trait. After compiling a list of 4,500 ?different traits, he organized them into three different trait categories, including: Cardinal Traits: These are traits that dominate an individuals entire personality. Cardinal traits are thought to be quite rare.Central Traits: Common traits that make up our personalities. Traits such as kindness, honesty, and friendliness are all examples of central traits.Secondary Traits: These are traits that are only present under certain conditions and circumstances. An example of a secondary trait would be getting nervous before delivering a speech to a large group of people. How Many Personality Traits Are There? Contributions to Psychology Allport died on October 9, 1967. In addition to his trait theory of personality, he left an indelible mark on psychology. As one of the founding figures of personality psychology, his lasting influence is still felt today. Rather than focusing on the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches that were popular during his time, Allport instead chose to utilize an eclectic approach. Selected Publications Here are some of Allports works for further reading: Allport GW. Personality: a Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston; 1937.Allport GW. The Individual and His Religion. New York: McMillan; 1950.Allport GW. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1954.Allport GW. Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1955.Allport GW. Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston; 1961.

The Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans - 1428 Words

The Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl Cohen argues that animals have no rights, because they do not have the ability to know what a right is, but should never be treated inhumanely (Cohen 339). I will argue that Cohen’s view on animal rights is valid and sound, because animals are of instinct nature and do not perceive in according to human perception. Also, the opposite view would have detrimental effects on our population, economy, and natural habitat. Nevertheless, animals have the ability to feel pain and that aspect, certainly, for the sake of our morality, cannot be ignored. Carl Cohen is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan. In philosophy, his main interests focus on matters of practical importance including the moral status of animals and the uses of animals in biological science a.k.a animal experimentation. Cohen claims that animals have no rights because they cannot understand what a right is (Cohen 340). A right, according to Cohen, is a claim that someone may exercise against another.Show MoreRelatedFeral Cats1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nation. Feral Cats should be Trapped, Neutered, and Released instead of being Trapped and Killed. The Cats should only be euthanized in the case of irreparable diseases. These cats deserve animal liberation in the sense that they feel pain just as we as humans do, and we as humans possess the moral duty to prevent that pain. With a non-egalitarian view of Biocentric Individualism view on things we can determine the solution to the outbreak of feral cats. There were two different videos onRead MoreThe Between Humans And Animals1461 Words   |  6 Pagesves to kill of the unhealthy or weak members. When unnatural predation forced by humans makes way into the picture to simply hang the head of a beautiful, large mammal, it takes the important figures ability away to keep a population strong and protected. Another substantial issue caused by game hunts is when animals approached to be haunted escape, they pose a large threat on the native wildlife in natural ecosystems (Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessary, n.d.). Overall, this â€Å"exotic† pastimeRead MoreNature Vs. 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Every individual has his own meaning for this term. However, no matter how much individuals try to stimulate this term the reality is that theRead MorePolitical Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato Essay3770 Words   |  16 Pagesstandards for determining who should rule †¢ Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority †¢ All standards of justice and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency †¢ Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussau’s philosophy. †¢ Primacy of the will †¢ Given rousseau’s libertarian conception of human nature. †¢ The fundamental problem is how to find a form of associationRead MoreA human induced global ecological crisis is occurring, threatening the stability of this earth and1900 Words   |  8 PagesA human induced global ecological crisis is occurring, threatening the stability of this earth and its inhabitants. 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Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of ones own culture.[1] The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concernRead MoreArgument For Promotion Of Core Csr1635 Words   |  7 PagesI am a Must/Must/Can and through this paper, I will argue my middle must against my opponent (Milton Friedman’s) â€Å"must not† argument for promotion of core CSR. WE MUST PROMOTE CORE CSR vs WE MUST NOT PROMOTE CORE CSR Milton Friedman, in his work titled, â€Å" The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits†, emphasizes the role of business in society is to maximize shareholder wealth, and likens any activity misaligned with regard to that mission as â€Å"stealing†. In my argument againstRead MoreConfederate Flag : History Or Hate1688 Words   |  7 Pagesquestioned. This mistaken idea often causes problems between the races of this state. Slavery was wrong. I would never try to justify it, because it can not be justified. It was simply wrong, God made us all equal. A human being was never intended to be treated like an animal, animals even were not meant to be treated like slaves. Slavery is a sensitive area, but the flag does not reflect this. The war was about the South s right to make it s own laws, and to be free from the Union. There were manyRead More Order vs. Freedom in Political Systems 1963 Words   |  8 PagesOrder vs. Freedom in Political Systems Order and freedom are both necessary and beneficial towards the citizens and society with the aim to promote harmony, yet they both contradict each other. This contradiction has existed throughout many years and it is still hard to decide which one is ideal for the society. This essay will discuss and analyze if order or freedom is more important for political systems. Many believe that order should be applied by the government; though it should be allowed

What Is Breaking The Love Into Two Essay - 1159 Words

Spreading The Love Into Two Doesn’t parent separation sound like such a bad thing? When parents get divorced, doesn’t it feel like the end of the world? When parents get a divorce they are not the only ones breaking up, it’s the whole family, right? Wrong. In most cases everyone would agree parent separation is a tragic time for a family. Although, not all scenarios makes parent separation seem so bad. In cases where a child might experience a lot of pain and suffering from their parents being together, they can see parent separation as an open door to a life of freedom. Parent separation, at first, creates a lot of pain and trauma, but once a child gets through the rough patches, there seems to be an open door to a new chapter in life†¦show more content†¦As time has passed through the years, people’s views and opinions on certain details in life have changed, as well as the role taking of an individual has changed overtime. The roles between men and women have changed. Wom en have become more of an important figure in the household besides doing, laundry and chores, women in the late 1900’s began to make a finance for the house. As women make their additions to helping out with the payments, the relationships between husband and wives have changed. â€Å"In the early 2000’s the pressure to find a perfect partner is even stronger. Women earn their own money and no longer feel so dependent on men.† Keeping that last idea in mind of how women have become to feel less dependent on their husband’s, it has caused the rate for divorce to increase over more recent years. Although children do not have an impact on that aspect it is said that â€Å"divorce rate among couples with children is 40% lower than couples without children† (England, Hermsen, Cotter). Parents are staying together, because of their children and staying unhappy in their relationship for their children. People might ask well how is that good for kids to see their parents together and unhappy? It’s not good at all, in fact it’s unhealthy for the children to witness that. Children need role models, people they look up to with love, they need to be shown what love is. Parents who argue all the time is not showing love or givingShow MoreRelatedMy Fathers Kidnapping By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies And The Money By Junot Diaz881 Words   |  4 PagesIn the essays, â€Å"My Fathers Kidnappingâ €  by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies and â€Å"The Money† by Junot Diaz one can infer that the author of both stories hold a similar message which is the power of loyalty and family will sometimes overcome the power of money. This is a very interesting point that is clearly seen in both works because it is unusual that love wins over money. The love of money is known as the root of all evil and both of these essays contradict that well know statement. Although, both storiesRead MoreKipnis What Is Love?1520 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Love? Does anyone really know the meaning of the word? Does it have a different meaning to different people? In Kipnis’s essay â€Å"Love Labors†, Laura Kipnis touches on many different aspects of love. This is a touchy subject simply because love brings out many different opinions and beliefs. Kipnis argues over the fact that in order to have a good relationship and love someone people have to be able to meet certain requirements, which are mutuality, communication, and advanced intimacy. LoveRead More Love and what is needed for it exist as seen in two works Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Love and what is needed for it exist as seen in two works Love is a deep emotional feeling toward a person. Love comes in many forms, each being expressed in slightly different ways. 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One way in which the poets present their ideas about the pain of love is through their use of imagery withRead MoreEssay about Tom Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead1471 Words   |  6 Pagesso well in Stoppards play that it reads like the love child of a play and a compelling critical essay. The play is academic yet conversationally phrased and it deepens our understanding of the original play but also criticizes it. The aspect of self-reflexive theater is used to comment on theater itself but also as a presentation of ideas and analysis that had previously had no place on the plot-centric set-up of stage and audience. The essay Rosencrantz and Guildensternare Dead: Theater of Criticism

Mayan Culture Free Essays

Modern Mayan culture has its roots in a very ancient culture. Ancient Mayan civilization spanned more than 3000 years and featured a written language, agriculture, a well-ordered social class system, a well-developed religious system, development of a calendar and trade. Much of the ancient tradition and culture has survived and been incorporated into the modern Mayan culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayan Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Religion Mayan religion is a hybrid of Christianity and ancient Mayan beliefs and rituals. The sixteenth century church, a central institution in the process of conquest, set the tone of the future relationship by working to replace Mayan religion with Spanish Christianity and to Hispanicize Mayan culture in general. (Stoll, 2003) Although many of their Gods have been replaced with statues of Christianity, the stories barely resemble the Christian versions. Today, devout Maya worship at mountain and cave shrines, making offerings of chickens, candles and incense with a ritual alcoholic drink. The Maya are a very superstitious people and have countless superstitions regarding events in mature which forewarn the observer of sickness, disaster, and death. Shaman/ daykeepers keep count of the 260 day ritual calendar and provide healing by identifying curses and offended ancestors, counting seeds and crystals in their divinations, and performing curando rituals. Marriage Mayan marriage is not prearranged by the family, although in ancient times it was accepted practice. In the more traditional villages, the young man must still ask the father for his daughters hand in marriage and certain rituals are followed. There is a traditional engagement and wedding  ritual dance that many Maya use in their wedding ceremonies. Most young married couples will live with either set of parents until they can begin a household on their own. The average marriage age of Maya people is 16 for females and 19 for males. Very few Maya remain unmarried as family and children are very important to the Maya. Family Family is a very important part of Maya culture. The average Maya family will have 6-8 children and most newlyweds have their first child within a year of marriage. In the domestic life of the Maya, family ties are strong, although outward displays of affection, such as kissing and embracing, are rare. Couples are considered affectionate if they carry out their respective duties faithfully. To their babies, however, the Maya are demonstrative and fondle and caress them, using baby talk as white parents do. It is evident that most parents are very fond of their children. Very rarely do fathers chastise their children physically and the mothers resort to harsh punishment only occasionally.  Ã‚   (Steggerda, 1941, p. 49) Food Production Strategies Many of the Mayan still live much the way they did when the Europeans came, weaving, cultivating corn and beans and collecting firewood to cook and heat their adobe houses. Electricity and road access have not changed the local traditions. Corn, which was cultivated by the ancient Mayans, remains the main crop. Most farmers still use the slash and burn method of farming used by their ancestors. Other strategies are share cropping and renting land to grow corn crops. The Maya form groups of up to twenty men, usually kin, rent a large piece of land, and divide it among themselves. Although this arrangement is much preferred to wage labor on the plantations, it   requires a minimum amount of capital for transportation, food, tools, seed, and so on, and expertise in dealing with the Ladino world. Many lack these resources and are forced into the largest of the temporary migratory streams. (Early, 1982, p. 88) Outside Contact The Maya, like most people who live in small and homogeneous groups where strong social controls operate, are conservative and unprogressive. Slow to take up new ideas, their attitudes and their material culture have been very little changed by modern trends and technological developments. Their pottery, weaving, and cross-stitch work have remained very much the same during the entire history of Yucatan. In general, they have not adopted the Spanish language but rather the Spaniards have adopted the Maya language. Their mode of dress has not changed appreciably for hundreds of years, and it is my belief that their daily life is very similar to that which their ancestors led. Only in the large Yucatan towns and cities, where social contacts are freer and where social controls cannot be maintained as strongly as in the smaller communities, are there signs of change. In such towns the European mode of dress is gradually being adopted, especially by the women, and cosmetics are commonly used. The people petition the government for radios, electric lights, and corn-grinding machines, and the idea of progress is gaining a hold in their minds. The cooperative movement and similar modern methods of economic organization are being tried. (Steggerda, 1941, p. 37) In Belize, the founding of the Maya Village Indigenous Experience is attempting to change the limited outside contact of the Maya culture by exposing it to tourism. They hope to bring money to the communities and improve the quality of life in the villages. (Steinberg, 2004) Many other Mayan communities are following this example in an effort to become more modern but they maintain the ancient rituals and beliefs, much like modern day New Orleans. These five concepts show the history and persevering culture of the Mayan people. Traditions with religion and family provide a rich background to pass on to the next generation. While they are struggling to enter the modern age, many of the more traditional Maya see no problem with the lifestyle they currently possess. Living in the United States, technology is readily available and most people are adept at using it. Things we take for granted such as telephones, computers, television, and automobiles are slow to make their way into the more rural areas of the Maya culture but they live full lives without these things. This is a huge culture difference because most Americans do not believe they can live without technology. The family tradition is also vastly different. Americans live a much faster paced life and many things must be balanced: work, children, marriage. Mayan women are traditional homemakers and Mayan men do the heavy labor. American women do many of the heavy labor jobs and not many people can afford to stay home with the children full time. Both cultures have pro’s and con’s to their lifestyle and culture but both are ever changing and adapting to the world around them. Both realize the importance of religion within a culture and continuing the race through children. The United States, however, is not one culture but hundreds and this gives it a unique background. It is much more varied than the ancient Mayan history the modern Maya still cultivate. References Early, J. D. (1982). The Demographic Structure and Evolution of a Peasant System: The Guatemalan Population. Boca Raton, FL: University Presses of Florida. Steggerda, M. (1941). Maya Indians of Yucatan. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Steinberg, M. K. (1994, Summer). Tourism Development and Indigenous People: The Maya Experience in Southern Belize. Focus, 44, 17+. Retrieved June 08, 2007, from Questia database: https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-19897117/tourism-development-and-indigenous-people-the-maya Stoll, D. (2003). Dow, James W. Alan R. Sandstorm (Eds). Holy Saints and Fiery Preachers: The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 9(3), 595+. Retrieved June 09, 2007 How to cite Mayan Culture, Essay examples

History Of Hippies free essay sample

The range, scope, potential and significance of this anti-establishment would only be realized as the sass drew on and the intensity of social movement escalated. The sixties was an era of great cultural and social upheaval by mass manipulation on the basis Of many social issues the causes and consequences of this era however remain contested.According to Melisa Kidder, among other, the most prominent causes of the entire anti-establishment movement may be attributed more to social and political than economic factors, and include the demographics of the baby boomers, disassociation of the youth, anti-war sentiment, the Cold War Atmosphere televisions coming of age and the media, and the US Civil Rights Movement 1 . The growth of psychology as well as the experimentation with he arts and psychedelic drugs also affected the counterculture movement as well as the course of the anti-establishment movement in an unexpected manner.Rosa argued that the science-based, rational society of the twentieth century alienated individuals, especially the youth who were born into a society with an existential crisis after World War 11. 2 According to the interview conducted with , the hippie or counterculture movement was characterized by a certain lifestyle. Explains that in the counterculture movement, the goal was to bring about a change in society according to the arms practiced by the hippies as advocated, such as free love for all, the use of drugs for a different mind-set, ecological values.For her, there was never a time of greater change, as it seemed that reality was speeding up and reaching a climax. Social factors of the Counterculture Movement Post-World War II Period The causes of the Baby Boom of the sasss is described by historians as a desire for normalcy after 16 years of depression and war, while others ascribe it to an anti-communistic strategy to outnumber the communistic world. Nevertheless, as the baby boomers reached young adulthood and became socially conscious, they became a notable factor in American society as such a large generation in social cohesion is a force great change, according to Terry Anderson.A decade after the end of World War II, many young Americans had come to despise the identity of their country. This group of people is known as the Beat Generation, or the Beatniks, they completely rejected the materialistic society advertised and institutionalized by public and media industries as well as the far reaching hand of institution. The beats, along with prominent figures such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, advocated an alternative way of thinking and many other values embraced by the hippies such as a lifestyle advocating the use of drugs.The beats directly influenced the counterculture movement, as most values pursued by hippies were originally the values of beats. While the beats of the sasss were a restrictive group of mostly idealist writers, the counterculture movement spread to thousands of youths, most notably from the middle class, to shake the USA as no other youth movement before. There is however a widespread interpretation of historians of the counterculture movement as the reaction f spoilt youths seeking fun to distract from their boring over-confident lives in apprehension of the viewpoint of the counterculture movement as an alternative consciousness.In the 1 9605. The United States economy was prosperous, and purchasing power of the middle class youth increased alongside entertainment ind ustries. The youth believed that the US government should not overextend their influence, and that a democratic state should be left alone, albeit communistic. The view of a hypocritical nature of the United Stated government came to stifle the youth, as they have come disillusioned by the aggressive actions of the US around the world by the sass.The foreign policy of the US in dropping atomic bombs on Japan in 1945, the oppression of Cuba by the US, and finally the Vietnam War solidified the oppressive, traitorous and hypocritical nature of the US government in the eyes of the youth. The older generations continued to trust government, while the youth felt disillusioned, leading to deeper questions about the very basis of American values, which would lead to many social movements, including the US Civil Rights Movement. Political Factors of the Counterculture MovementThe Civil Rights Movement Although almost two hundred years have passed since the abolition of slavery in the LIST, yet racial discrimination remained a daily theme in the US in the sass. White racist aggressors were protected by the state and justice departments and FBI offi cials stood watch as demonstrators were brutally handled and jailed. Although the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had been active since 1 909, and other influential civil rights movements existed before the sass, the protest for African-American rights and against segregation reached a turning point in this era.Students were a very important factor in this movement, with the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SYNC). In a single demonstration gaining national attention in 1 960, a student initiative whereby four black students refused to leave a whites only cafeteria was taken, resulting in the desegregation Of many areas. In the sass civil rights supporters saw the emergence of a strong charismatic leader; Martin Luther King Jar. He was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, promoting the same non-violent philosophy, giving rise to mass manipulation in the form of sit-ins, boycotts and other peaceful ministrations in the 1 9605.After many attempts by the government to destroy Martin Luther King Jar. , he was finally assassinated by a white segregationist, causing riots throughout the country. Continuous violence against black people in the US along with the death of Martin Luther King Jar. , angered black Americans. Malcolm X criticized King for his peaceful methods, encouraging radical and violent protest. The Black Panther Party for Self- Defense was created in the sass to defend against racial violence and white injustice, yet unfortunately the leader of the Black Panthers Fred Hampton ND Malcolm x were both assassinated.Despite the large white resistance to segregation, the Civil Rights movement of the sass did achieve much. A major demand of African-Americans is their right to vote given to them by the 15th Amendment in 1 870, yet many states continued to restrict African Americans to vote by use of a comprehension or literary test. In 1 965, these practices were forbidden by congress Voting Rights ACTA. As proven by the killing of black militants however, the resistance to reforms of equality remain strong within the nation, despite considerable ground made.Throughout the sass, traditional means of battling government legislature decisions saw a great change, as peaceful mass manipulation led to violent uprising. National Politics, a New Left One of the most famous and influential New Left organization was The Students for a Democratic Society (SD), created as the youth became dissatisfied with American imperialist enterprise in foreign policy, while locally there was inequalities between Black and white people. The SD was rejected by the League of Industrial Democracy (LID), as being accused of having communistic allegiance.Thus the SD became independent, freeing itself room the anti-communistic and liberal left. This shift causes the emergence Of a new left, easily distinguishable from the Old Left, as unionism and anti- communist hysteria is what characterized most American organizations striving for democracy according to Doug Rossini. This New left focused primarily on social equality, democracy and peace, declaring that America should focus on its real social priorities, such as the abolition of squalor and neglect, and to create an atmosphere of creativity and dignity.Radical socialis t C Wright Mills and political theorist H Marcus were the main influences of students, advocating ideas such as that the close link between economic and political power being the cause of social inequalities in the US. Although in large part due to the draft obligating young Americans to join the war effort in Vietnam, the commitment of students protesting against military recruitment offices in campuses played a crucial role in ending the war. After a march on the pentagon in October 21 1967 which followed five days Of anti-war demonstration, the anti-war movement was national. Despite the opinion of most Americans that hippies are a laughable young lot, public pinion was swayed from 39% of the populace agreeing with American involvement in Vietnam in 1965, to 61 % in 1971 10. In this era, many different groups of people united under the same banner, and although the separation between these groups increased as the 1 sass went on, civil rights and anti war sentiments were embedded aspirations of the American youth.These middle class youths turned to their own domestic society to solve problems manifested and overlooked for centuries. To solve these issues, the New Left targeted government, yet more and more young people went another erection, many turned to the spiritual lure of Buddhism applying their ideals directly. The tools of the New Left was mostly cultural, as they excluded themselves from mainstream society, adopt ing lifestyles of fun, peace, love and freedom. Revolution, a Beetles song accurately illustrates the break that occurred supporters and opposition of the 1 sass New Left. Political activism and new consciousness is what characterized the counterculture 1. Economic Factors of the Counterculture Stuart hall in Encoding and Decoding in Television Discourse, explains a hegemony as defining possible meaning, and carrying the Stamp of legitimacy thin its mental horizon. It is coterminous with the natural order and what is taken for granted or inevitable about the social order.Thus the counterculture movement saw the American way of life as a restrictive version of reality, insisting that happiness is gained by possessing goods. The end of World War II brought tremendous wealth to the country, empowering the middle class, however it also meant that women would abandon their posts in jobs traditionally reserved for men. The role of women in society became very clearly defined, along with behavioral and fashion codes, as the Nuclear Family added to the massive production and consumption culture, creating the stereotype of the definition of a good American.The consequence of the perception that a housewife and bureaucratic husband as advertised by public and private institutions was perfect happiness, was that American Middle class youth did not miss a comfortable material life, as they striver towards predetermined roles 2. Americas youth came to realize that physical comfort while possessing no liberty did not satisfy them as people. The Beat generation along with writers such as Jack Kerouac, had by he sass already introduced questions on personal freedom, when the American way of life combusted the brewing tension.Young middle class Americans came to sympathize with oppressed Vietnamese, as the war in Vietnam and the draft succeeded in gathering and binding people to a mutual goal 3. The government and private institutions eagerly defended their cultural model based on the nuclear family, and viciously opposed reformation. The Gay Liberation Front in the sass provided an explanation for this in stating that gay liberation and other reforms would cause a revolutionary change in the entire society of the US.Thus any change of the culture of the nuclear family would threaten the (financial) interests of public and private institutions. It was revealed to the New Left that the materialistic status quo w as a manipulation of the people, aiming to keep industry going with the aid of workers and buyers, as well as preventing people to fully comprehend the capitalist system, as it would lead to massive rebellion as seen in the sass. As protest came in most part from the young middle class, the youth realized that the only interest in any US foreign and domestic policy is finance.People thus came to realize that politicians would not stop killing ND causing pain as long as their interest lies within these actions. In order to stop the supporting of these leaders, the youth spread its values across the country with the aid of different forms of mass media. The counterculture movement was based on the belief that political behavior would change alongside cultural change. This movement aimed to achieve the infinite, banning would not be tolerated from anyone and they would intend to expand their mindset.Culture of the Counterculture The social and political forces driving the counterculture movement were forged from a conservative society, however the New Left proves that a break n in points Of views from the youths and adult population existed whether or not the they were part of the counterculture movement. Accor ding to Young elation that sprouted the counterculture movement was clearly born from domestic and political excess in the US. The post-World War II era, the US Civil Rights Movement, the war in Vietnam and the Cold War environment launched an inevitable time of change in America as argued by Greg Hairless 5.It seemed that the apprehension of the world in the mass consciousness was inevitable despite conservative youths being numerous. Thus the many youths including the New Left activists encouraged an alternative form of consciousness, based on the values of peace, love and equality, striving to better institutions within the capitalist system. The counterculture however to aimed to end institutions of the time, as seen in their goal of a new consciousness. Sex, Drugs and Rock n Roll Sex, drugs and rock n roll is more than a famous slogan.This slogan represents the ideals and culture of the counterculture. Sex refers to sexual liberation which experienced at a total revolution in the 1 sass across the action as well as internationally. Although much of the hippie and counterculture movement was simply a means for fun and the use and experimentation of drugs and especially music was simply a way to obtain a good time, the usage of certain drugs, especially LSI was based on a strong spiritual message within the counterculture movements 6. Sexual liberation As well as in the broad society, sexism was an issue in the counterculture.Although many historians argue that women did not achieve liberation throughout the 1 asss, due to centuries of western paternalism, the fact that organizations were created to keep women from having premarital sex insinuates more sexual freedom experienced by women, although some women complained that the sexual liberation was about male access to women instead of actual liberation. The abandonment of Christian principles has led women to find a moderate balance for their sexual lives, as usually happens when an extreme is experienced.Although most hippies could not emancipate themselves f rom gender roles as portrayed by society, the counterculture movement launched a path towards equality of gender, and began with freedom of sexual intercourse 7. The Use of Drugs Experimentation in the sasss was rife, especially with drugs as LSI seen in context of freeing the minds of the youth from the narrow vision, while opening ones mind to new realities. Aloud Huxley and Timothy Leary tested and paved the way for drug use to be taken up in the counterculture. The consumption of this and many other hallucinogens made many youths passive, also contributing to the idea that change should be focused culturally instead of politically. Like the Beats before them, the hippies saw the use of LSI as a means of achieving spiritual enlightenment and artistic creativity. Psychedelic forms of art was caused by the consumption of LSI as well, finding expression in music along with psychedelic rock. The achievements of the counterculture in the realm of culture Were vast, and most visibly and everlasting was its effect on music 18.Although the counterculture is often described as a movement of love and peace, many disagreed on the ideals and means of obtaining peace and love. The Woodstock festival originally named 3 days of peace and music, gathering 500 000 people and being a current point of reference of the climax of the counterculture era. Psychedelic Rock was used by the same people using L SD, becoming a transcendental experience conveying the id eals of the counterculture. The self-described alternative consciousness promoted by the counterculture did not mean a rejection of western society, but intended to complete it and improve society as a whole.Although the counterculture included rebellion, the goal was to achieve harmony and understanding Of wholeness as praised by Eastern Philosophy 9. Legacy The Counterculture movement of 1 960 caused a radical shift in the implementation and instrument of US reason and supremacist liberal ideology as explained by this displacement of values was achieved despite immense counter subversive thinking that was purposely aimed at distorting the image of the youth generation of the sasss to public imagination.Due to this rhetoric propagated by the elite in whose interest it was, the hippies were seen as a dirty, misguided, irresponsible and frivolous group of spoilt middle class white children, looking for more than their comfortable lives and attempting to change the values of American Family and Community.Althoug h the hippie movement did eventually die out due to many reasons such as the end of the US Civil Rights movement, the Deaths of important counterculture leaders, and especially the media and initialization Of the advent of consumerism and the initialization of the economic marketplace, it is a turning point in the history of oppositional politics in the United States. Despite or rather because of the allegations of the transcendental nature of the counterculture movement, the perceived future was for many a unpredictable utopia.These unexpected, unrealistic expectations and invocations of the hippie movement opened new, alternative paths of radical assent, circumventing the dead end of contemporary cultural politics. The aggressive questioning of the conformed American identity caused a struggle for social and cultural justice, allowing the demotion of the assimilations liberal mentality. Conclusion The reviewing of American values allowed the inclusion of Native, African and Hispanic Americans into American society.Literature about the sass demonstrates conversation and conflict as having irreversibly undermined the prevailing norms of national representation. The impact of the counterculture movement caused a cultural schism to form between the western world and he US, as the west gradually changed into unfaithful Americanizes. According to Deride and Routines, loyalty to legacy involves a sort of infidelity, recasting the legacy of the sasss and keeping it alive. In order to keep this legacy alive, it may not be repeated, but must be made present.